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    "id": "germanna-000001",
    "code": "ACC134",
    "title": "Small Business Taxes",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces taxes most frequently encountered in business. Includes payroll, sales, property, and income tax.",
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    "id": "germanna-000002",
    "code": "ACC211",
    "title": "Principles of Accounting I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces accounting principles with respect to financial reporting. Demonstrates how decision makers use accounting information for reporting purposes. Focuses on the preparation of accounting information and its use in the operation of organizations, as well as methods of analysis and interpretation of accounting information.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000768",
      "germanna-000769",
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771",
      "germanna-000772",
      "germanna-000773",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000003",
    "code": "ACC212",
    "title": "Principles of Accounting II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces accounting principles with respect to cost and managerial accounting. Focuses on the application of accounting information with respect to product costing, as well as its use within the organization to provide direction and to judge performance.",
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      "ACC211"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000768",
      "germanna-000769",
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771",
      "germanna-000772",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000004",
    "code": "ACC215",
    "title": "Computerized Accounting",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the computer in solving accounting problems. Focuses on operation of computers. Presents the accounting cycle and financial statement preparation in a computerized system and other applications for financial and managerial accounting.",
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      "ACC211"
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      "germanna-000768",
      "germanna-000769",
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
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    "id": "germanna-000005",
    "code": "ACC217",
    "title": "Analyzing Financial Statements",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explains the generation and limitations of data, techniques for analyzing the flow of a business’s funds, and the methods of selecting and interpreting financial ratios. Offers analytical techniques through the use of comprehensive case studies. Prerequisite(s): ACC 211",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ACC211"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
    ],
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    "id": "germanna-000006",
    "code": "ACC221",
    "title": "Intermediate Accounting I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers accounting principles and theory, including a review of the accounting cycle and accounting for current assets, current liabilities and investments. Introduces various accounting approaches and demonstrates the effect of these approaches on the financial statement users.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ACC212"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14153",
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    "id": "germanna-000007",
    "code": "ACC222",
    "title": "Intermediate Accounting II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues accounting principles and theory with emphasis on accounting for fixed assets, intangibles, corporate capital structure, long-term liabilities, and investments. Prerequisite(s): ACC 221 or equivalent",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ACC221"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
    ],
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    "id": "germanna-000008",
    "code": "ACC231",
    "title": "Cost Accounting I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies cost accounting methods and reporting as applied to job order, process, and standard cost accounting systems. Includes cost control and other topics.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ACC212"
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      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
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    "id": "germanna-000009",
    "code": "ACC240",
    "title": "Fraud Examination",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers the principles and methodology of fraud detection and deterrence. Provides an introduction to the various ways fraud and occupational abuses occur, methods to identify the risk of exposure to loss from fraud, and appropriate prevention, detection, and investigation approaches.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
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    "id": "germanna-000010",
    "code": "ACC241",
    "title": "Auditing I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents techniques of investigating, interpreting, and appraising accounting records and assertions. Studies internal control design and evaluation, evidence-gathering techniques and other topics.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
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    "id": "germanna-000011",
    "code": "ACC261",
    "title": "Principles of Federal Taxation I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the study of federal taxation as it relates to individuals and related entities. Includes tax planning, compliance, and reporting.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000770",
      "germanna-000771"
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    "id": "germanna-000012",
    "code": "HMS100",
    "title": "Introduction to Human Services",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces human service agencies, roles and careers. Presents an historical perspective of the field as it relates to human services today. Additional topics include values clarification and needs of target populations. Lecture 3 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16244",
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    "id": "germanna-000013",
    "code": "HMS230",
    "title": "Ethics in Human Services",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines ethical concepts specific to human services organizations and careers. Considers selfdetermination, informed consent, confidentiality, boundaries, conflict of interest, dual relationships, as well as value clarification and the impact of culture. Lecture 3 hours. Total 3 hours per week. 3 credits",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16245",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000014",
    "code": "ADJ100",
    "title": "Survey of Criminal Justice",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents an overview of the United States criminal justice system; introduces the major system components-law enforcement, judiciary and corrections.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821",
      "germanna-000822"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14156",
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    "id": "germanna-000015",
    "code": "ADJ105",
    "title": "The Juvenile Justice System",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the evolution, philosophy, structures and processes of the American juvenile delinquency system; surveys the rights of juveniles, dispositional alternatives, rehabilitation methods and current trends.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14157",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000016",
    "code": "ADJ110",
    "title": "Introduction to Law Enforcement",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the philosophy and history of law enforcement, presenting an overview of the crime problem and policy response issues. Surveys the jurisdictions and organizations of local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies. Examines qualification requirements and career opportunities in the law enforcement profession.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14158",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000017",
    "code": "ADJ111",
    "title": "Law Enforcement Organization and Administration I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the principles of organization and administration of law enforcement agencies. Studies the management of line operations, staff and auxiliary services, investigative, and juvenile units. Introduces the concept of data processing; examines policies, procedures, rules, and regulations pertaining to crime prevention. Surveys concepts of protection of life and property, detection of offenses, and apprehension of offenders.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14159",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000018",
    "code": "ADJ133",
    "title": "Ethics and the Criminal Justice Professional",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines ethical dilemmas pertaining to the criminal justice system, including those in policing, courts and corrections. Focuses on some of the specific ethical choices that must be made by the criminal justice professional.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821",
      "germanna-000822"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14160",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000019",
    "code": "ADJ161",
    "title": "Introduction to Computer Crime",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides a basic introduction to the nature of computer crimes, computer criminals, relevant law, investigative techniques, and emerging trends.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14161",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/adj161",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj161.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000020",
    "code": "ADJ201",
    "title": "Criminology",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies current and historical data pertaining to criminal and other deviant behavior. Examines theories that explain crime and criminal behavior in human society.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821",
      "germanna-000822"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14164",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000021",
    "code": "ADJ211",
    "title": "Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedures I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the elements of proof for major and common crimes and the legal classification of offenses. Studies the kinds, degrees and admissibility of evidence and its presentation in criminal proceedings with emphasis on legal guidelines for methods and techniques of evidence acquisition. Surveys the procedural requirements from arrest to final disposition in the various American court systems with focus on the Virginia jurisdiction. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821",
      "germanna-000822"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14165",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/adj211",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj211.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000022",
    "code": "ADJ212",
    "title": "Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedures II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the elements of proof for major and common crimes and the legal classification of offenses. Studies the kinds, degrees and admissibility of evidence and its presentation in criminal proceedings with emphasis on legal guidelines for methods and techniques of evidence acquisition. Surveys the procedural requirements from arrest to final disposition in the various American course systems with focus on the Virginia jurisdiction. Part II of II. Total Hours: 3",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ADJ211"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14166",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/adj212",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj212.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000023",
    "code": "ADJ229",
    "title": "Community Policing in Modern Society",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the process through which community problems are identified and addressed by police departments in cooperation with the community. Considers current efforts by law enforcement officers to achieve an effective working relationship with the community.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14168",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj229.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000024",
    "code": "ADJ233",
    "title": "Multiculturalism in Policing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the impacts of historical events and social changes on law enforcement. Evaluates the complexity of providing police services to multicultural communities. Develops sensitivity and understanding of diverse populations and communities of color.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14836",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj233.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000025",
    "code": "ADJ236",
    "title": "Principles of Criminal Investigation",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the fundamentals of criminal investigation procedures and techniques. Examines crime scene search, collecting, handling and preserving of evidence.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14169",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj236.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000026",
    "code": "ADJ290",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Credit Hours Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. Credit/practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000820"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14719",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/adj290.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000027",
    "code": "AIR121",
    "title": "Air Conditioning and Refrigeration I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies refrigeration theory, characteristics of refrigerants, temperature, and pressure, tools and equipment, soldering, brazing, refrigeration systems, system components, compressors, evaporators, metering devices. Presents charging and evaluation of systems and leak detection. Explores servicing the basic system. Explains use and care of oils and additives and troubleshooting of small commercial systems. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000756"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14754",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/air121",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/air121.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000028",
    "code": "AIR122",
    "title": "Air Conditioning and Refrigeration II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies refrigeration theory, characteristics of refrigerants, temperature, and pressure, tools and equipment, soldering, brazing, refrigeration systems, system components, compressors, evaporators, metering devices. Presents charging and evaluation of systems and leak detection. Explores servicing the basic system. Explains use and care of oils and additives and troubleshooting of small commercial systems. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000756"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14755",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/air122",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000029",
    "code": "AIR123",
    "title": "Air Conditioning and Refrigeration III",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Psychometric properties of air, heat load and gain calculation, heated and chilled water systems, duct, design, air distribution and air comfort requirements. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000756"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14756",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/air123",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/air123.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000030",
    "code": "AIR124",
    "title": "Air Conditioning and Refrigeration IV",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Psychometric properties of air, heat load and gain calculation, heated and chilled water systems, duct, design, air distribution and air comfort requirements. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000756"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14757",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/air124.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000031",
    "code": "AIR158",
    "title": "Mechanical Codes",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Presents mechanical code requirements for installation, service, and inspection procedures . Uses the BOCA code in preparation for the master’s card.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14759",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/air158",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/air158.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000032",
    "code": "AIR276",
    "title": "Refrigerant Usage EPA Certification",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Prepares HVAC technicians for a refrigerant certification test mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Reviews refrigerant recovery, recycle, and reclamation procedures for service work associated with air conditioning and refrigeration. Examines environmental impact including ozone depletion resulting from refrigeration utilization.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000756"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14758",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/air276",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/air276.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000033",
    "code": "ARA101",
    "title": "Beginning Arabic I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills and emphasizes basic Arabic sentence structure. Discusses the diversity of cultures in the Arab world. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
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    "id": "germanna-000034",
    "code": "ARA102",
    "title": "Beginning Arabic II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills and emphasizes basic Arabic sentence structure. Discusses the diversity of cultures in the Arab world. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ARA101"
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    "id": "germanna-000035",
    "code": "ARA201",
    "title": "Intermediate Arabic I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop understanding, speaking, reading and writing skills and emphasizes basic Arabic sentence structure. Discusses the diversity of cultures in the Arab world. Classes are conducted in Arabic. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ARA102"
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    "id": "germanna-000036",
    "code": "ARA202",
    "title": "Intermediate Arabic II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop understanding, speaking, reading and writing skills and emphasizes basic Arabic sentence structure. Discusses the diversity of cultures in the Arab world. Classes are conducted in Arabic. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ARA102"
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    "id": "germanna-000037",
    "code": "ART101",
    "title": "History of Art: Prehistoric to Gothic",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history and interpretation of architecture, painting and sculpture from the prehistoric era through the Gothic. This is a Passport Transfer course.",
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      "germanna-000765",
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      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000778",
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      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "id": "germanna-000038",
    "code": "ART102",
    "title": "History of Art: Renaissance to Modern",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history and interpretation of architecture, painting and sculpture from the Renaissance through the modern era. This is a Passport Transfer course.",
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      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "id": "germanna-000039",
    "code": "ART116",
    "title": "Design for the Web I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the basic elements of web page design: typography, imagery, and color, and examines how they are combined to create effective layouts. Teaches organization of materials, sketching and concept development, site planning and various methods of construction.",
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    "id": "germanna-000040",
    "code": "ART120",
    "title": "Beginning Drawing",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces principles and practices of the various media used in drawing.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14179",
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    "id": "germanna-000041",
    "code": "ART121",
    "title": "Foundations of Drawing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Develops basic drawing skills and understanding of visual language through studio instruction/lecture. Introduces concepts such as line, proportion, space, perspective, value and composition as applied to still life, landscape and figure. Uses drawing media such as pencil, charcoal and ink wash. Includes field trips and gallery assignments as appropriate.",
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      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000042",
    "code": "ART131",
    "title": "Two-Dimensional Design",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the elements and principles of design as applied to two-dimensional studio projects. Introduces two-dimensional media, techniques, compositional strategies, and color concepts and interactions. Supports conceptual development through introduction to historical and contemporary practices and critical analysis. May include field trips as required.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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      "germanna-000763",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "code": "ART132",
    "title": "Three-Dimensional Design",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the elements and principles of design as applied to three-dimensional studio projects. Introduces three-dimensional media, techniques, compositional strategies, and color concepts and interactions. Supports conceptual development through introduction to historical and contemporary practices and critical analysis. May include field trips as required.",
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      "germanna-000782"
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    "code": "ART141",
    "title": "Typography I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Studies the history of letter forms and typefaces and examines their uses in contemporary communications media. Emphasizes applications to specific design problems. Includes identification and specification of type, copy fitting and hands-on typesetting problems.",
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      "ART180"
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    "code": "ART180",
    "title": "Introduction to Computer Graphics",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides a working introduction to computer-based electronic technology used by visual artists and designers. Presents the basics of operating platforms and standard industry software. Introduces problems in which students can explore creative potential of the new electronic media environment.",
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    "code": "ART203",
    "title": "Animation I",
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    "hours": 3,
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      "germanna-000763"
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    "code": "ART204",
    "title": "Animation II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Builds on the student’s skills in the techniques of animation developed in ART 203 Animation 1. Emphasizes computer-generated, high-quality animations. Teaches the advanced techniques of two-and three-dimensional computer animation. Prerequisite(s): ART 203",
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      "germanna-000763"
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    "id": "germanna-000048",
    "code": "ART215",
    "title": "History Of Modern Art",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history of modern architecture, sculpture, painting and graphic arts in representational and non-representational forms. Focuses on the periods and movements that influenced the arts of the twentieth century as well as the influence of modernism on contemporary art. The assignments in the course require the reading of scholarly articles and researched-based writing. Lecture 3 hours per week. 3 credits.",
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      "germanna-000794"
    ],
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    "id": "germanna-000049",
    "code": "ART223",
    "title": "Life Drawing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Advances skills and exploration in drawing through studio practice. Continues investigation of elements and principles of design emphasizing perceptual figure drawing. Introduces a variety of media and techniques including color media and theory. Supports conceptual development through introduction to historical and contemporary practices and critical analysis. May include field trips. Lecture 1 hour. Studio instruction 4 hours. Total 5 hours per week. 3 credits Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite: ART 121",
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      "ART121"
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      "germanna-000763",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000050",
    "code": "ART241",
    "title": "Painting I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces abstract and representational painting in acrylic and/or oil with emphasis on color composition and value.",
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      "ART223"
    ],
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    "code": "ART242",
    "title": "Painting II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces abstract and representational painting in acrylic and/or oil with emphasis on color composition and value.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ART241"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14188",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000052",
    "code": "ART265",
    "title": "Graphic Techniques",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Applies the study of printing processes to the preparation of artwork. Teaches printing processes, terminology, and related materials.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ART131",
      "ART180"
    ],
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000053",
    "code": "ART283",
    "title": "Computer Graphics I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Utilizes microcomputers and software to produce computer graphics. Employs techniques learned to solve studio projects which reinforce instruction and are appropriate for portfolio use.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ART131",
      "ART180"
    ],
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      "germanna-000763"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14191",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000054",
    "code": "ART284",
    "title": "Computer Graphics II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Utilizes microcomputers and software to produce computer graphics. Employs techniques learned to solve studio projects which reinforce instruction and are appropriate for portfolio use.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ART283"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000763"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14192",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000055",
    "code": "ART287",
    "title": "Portfolio and Resume Preparation",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on portfolio preparation, resume writing, and job interviewing for students.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000763"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14193",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000056",
    "code": "ASL101",
    "title": "Beginning American Sign Language I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces cultural awareness, comprehension and production skills, and emphasizes basic sentence structure in American Sign Language with a focus on interactive communicative competence. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000782"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14194",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/asl101",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/asl101.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000057",
    "code": "ASL102",
    "title": "Beginning American Sign Language II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces cultural awareness, comprehension and production skills, and emphasizes basic sentence structure in American Sign Language with a focus on interactive communicative competence. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ASL101"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000782"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14195",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/asl102",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/asl102.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000058",
    "code": "ASL201",
    "title": "Intermediate American Sign Language I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop cultural awareness, comprehension and production skills, and emphasizes a variety of sentence structures in American Sign Language with a continued focus on interactive communicative competence. Part I of II. Prerequisite(s): ASL 102 or faculty assessment",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ASL102"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000782"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14198",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/asl201",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/asl201.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000059",
    "code": "ASL202",
    "title": "Intermediate American Sign Language II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop cultural awareness, comprehension and production skills, and emphasizes a variety of sentence structures in American Sign Language with a continued focus on interactive communicative competence. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ASL201"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000782"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14199",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/asl202",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/asl202.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000060",
    "code": "AUT100",
    "title": "Introduction to Automotive Shop Practices",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces shop practices for automotive laboratory and shop safety, identification and use of hand tools, general power equipment and maintenance of automotive shop. Explains basic operation procedures of standard shop equipment. Presents Occupational Safety and Health Act standards pertaining to the automotive field. Student must take this course in the first term, unless the Program Chair approves an exception.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818",
      "germanna-000819"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14200",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut100",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/aut100.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000061",
    "code": "AUT111",
    "title": "Automotive Engines I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents analysis of power, cylinder condition, valves and bearings in the automotive engine to establish the present condition, repairs or adjustments. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-3 hours. Total Hours: 4-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000819"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14201",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut111",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/aut111.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000062",
    "code": "AUT112",
    "title": "Automotive Engines II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents analysis of power, cylinder condition, valves and bearings in the automotive engine to establish the present condition, repairs or adjustments. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-3 hours. Total Hours: 4-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000819"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14202",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut112",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000063",
    "code": "AUT121",
    "title": "Automotive Fuel Systems I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Analyzes major domestic and foreign automotive fuel systems to include carburetors and fuel injection systems. Includes detailed inspection and discussion of fuel tanks, connecting lines, instruments, filters, fuel pumps, superchargers, and turbo charger. Also includes complete diagnosis, troubleshooting, overhaul and factory adjustment procedures of all major carbureted and fuel injection systems. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 0-3 hours. Total Hours: 3-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14203",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut121",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/aut121.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000064",
    "code": "AUT122",
    "title": "Automotive Fuel Systems II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Analyzes major domestic and foreign automotive fuel systems to include carburetors and fuel injection systems. Includes detailed inspection and discussion of fuel tanks, connecting lines, instruments, filters, fuel pumps, superchargers, and turbo charger. Also includes complete diagnosis, troubleshooting, overhaul and factory adjustment procedures of all major carbureted and fuel injection systems. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 0-3 hours. Total Hours: 3-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14204",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut122",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/aut122.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000065",
    "code": "AUT136",
    "title": "Automotive Vehicle Inspection",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Presents information on methods for performing automotive vehicle safety inspection. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 3 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000819"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14205",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut136",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/aut136.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000066",
    "code": "AUT141",
    "title": "Auto Power Trains I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents operation, design, construction and repair of power train components, standard and automatic transmission. Includes clutches, propeller shaft, universal joints, rear axle assemblies, fluid couplings, torque converters as well as 2, 3, and 4 speed standard, overdrive and automatic transmissions. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-6 hours. Total Hours: 4-8 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14206",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/aut141",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/aut141.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000067",
    "code": "AUT142",
    "title": "Auto Power Trains II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents operation, design, construction and repair of power train components, standard and automatic transmission. Includes clutches, propeller shaft, universal joints, rear axle assemblies, fluid couplings, torque converters as well as 2, 3, and 4 speed standard, overdrive and automatic transmissions. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-6 hours. Total Hours: 4-8 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14207",
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    "id": "germanna-000068",
    "code": "AUT236",
    "title": "Automotive Climate Control",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces principles of refrigeration, air conditioning controls and adjustment and general servicing of automotive air conditioning systems. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours. Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14208",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000069",
    "code": "AUT241",
    "title": "Automotive Electricity I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces electricity and magnetism, symbols and circuitry as applied to the alternators, regulators, starters, lighting systems, instruments and gauges and accessories. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-3 hours. Total Hours: 4-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818",
      "germanna-000819"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14209",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000070",
    "code": "AUT245",
    "title": "Automotive Electronics",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces field of electronics as it applies to the modern automobile. Emphasizes basic circuit operation, diagnosis and repair of digital indicator and warning systems. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 0-3 hours. Total Hours: 3-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000071",
    "code": "AUT266",
    "title": "Auto Alignment, Suspension and Steering",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces use of alignment equipment in diagnosing, adjusting, and repairing front and rear suspensions. Deals with repair and servicing of power and standard steering systems. Total Hours: 7-8 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000819"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000072",
    "code": "AUT267",
    "title": "Automotive Suspension and Braking Systems",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents the operation, design, construction, repair and servicing of braking and suspension systems. Explains use of tools and test equipment, evaluation of test results, estimation and repair cost, front and rear suspension alignment, power and standard steering, and power, standard and disc brakes. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-3 hours. Total Hours: 4-6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000819"
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    "id": "germanna-000073",
    "code": "AUT290",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours. Prerequisite(s): Direct Placement into MDE 10 or higher",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14213",
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    "id": "germanna-000074",
    "code": "DSL135",
    "title": "Introduction to Diesel Technology",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces careers in the diesel repair industry, safety procedures, tools and equipment used in the industry, and component identification. Teaches preventative maintenance inspections (PMI), precision measuring, and the use of electronic databases for service and repair.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14909",
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    "id": "germanna-000075",
    "code": "DSL137",
    "title": "Basic Diesel Engine Systems",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces the theory of operation, design, and components of a modern diesel engine. Provides instruction on modern fuel system components and operation. Presents the design and operation of air induction, lubrication, and cooling systems. Demonstrates basic engine diagnostics. Provides preparation for the Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) T2 Engines certification examination.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14908",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000076",
    "code": "DSL143",
    "title": "Diesel Truck Electrical Systems",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Studies the theory and operation of various truck and tractor electrical systems. Covers preheating, starting, generating, and lighting systems. Uses modern test equipment for measurement, adjustment, and troubleshooting.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000077",
    "code": "DSL145",
    "title": "Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Preventative Maintenance Inspection",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the process of implementing a preventive maintenance program, the various inspection procedures required by the original equipment manufacturers (OEM), federal regulations, and the process of related documentation. Provides preparation for the Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) T8 Preventative Maintenance Inspection certification examination.",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000078",
    "code": "DSL150",
    "title": "Mobile Hydraulics and Pneumatics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the theory, operation and maintenance of hydraulic/pneumatic systems and devices used in mobile applications. Emphasizes the properties of fluid, fluid flow, fluid states and application of Bernoulli’s equation.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "id": "germanna-000079",
    "code": "DSL153",
    "title": "Power Trains I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on manual, hydrostatic, and heavy-duty automatic transmissions. Examines various types of power trains and their components, such as multidisc clutch, multi-speed transmissions, torques, drive lines, and differentials. Includes disassembly and assembly of various components. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000080",
    "code": "DSL155",
    "title": "Heavy Duty Suspension and Service",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines suspensions used on heavy-duty trucks and teaches preventative maintenance and service procedures. Includes nomenclature, theory of operation and services, and repair of heavy-duty truck suspension systems including tires and wheels and steering gear and connecting linkage. Provides opportunity for preventative maintenance inspections and service procedures on heavy-duty vehicles.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "id": "germanna-000081",
    "code": "DSL161",
    "title": "Air Brake Systems I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies the basic operational theory of pneumatic and air brake systems used in public transportation vehicles. Covers various air control valves, air and test system components, and advanced air system schematics. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14915",
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    "id": "germanna-000082",
    "code": "DSL162",
    "title": "Air Brake Systems II",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies the basic operational theory of pneumatic and air brake systems used in public transportation vehicles. Covers various air control valves, air and test system components, and advanced air system schematics. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14916",
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    "id": "germanna-000083",
    "code": "BIO101",
    "title": "General Biology I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
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    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH154"
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000762",
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      "germanna-000776",
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      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000798",
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000803",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824",
      "germanna-000825",
      "germanna-000827",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000831",
      "germanna-000833",
      "germanna-000835"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14214",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000084",
    "code": "BIO102",
    "title": "General Biology II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Focuses on biological processes with a chemical foundation, including macromolecules, cellular structure, metabolism, and genetics in an evolutionary context. Explores the core concepts of evolution; structure and function; information flow, storage and exchange; pathways and transformations of energy and matter; and systems biology. Emphasizes the process of science, interdisciplinary approach, and relevance of biology to society. Part II of a two-course sequence. This is a UCGS transfer course. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours. Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO101"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000762",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
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      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000825",
      "germanna-000827"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14215",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000085",
    "code": "BIO106",
    "title": "Life Science",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Surveys the basic concepts of life science. Engages in the scientific process by developing hypotheses, gathering data, and analyzing results. Explores topics within the context of the societal implications of science. Intended for students not majoring in science. Assignments require college-level reading fluency, coherent written communication, and basic mathematical skills.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000798",
      "germanna-000799"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14818",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000086",
    "code": "BIO141",
    "title": "Human Anatomy and Physiology I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents the study of anatomy & physiology including anatomical terminology, homeostasis, histology, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and nervous system. Part I of II. Assignments require college-level reading fluency, coherent written communication, and basic mathematical skills.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO101"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000780",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000803",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000806",
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810",
      "germanna-000811",
      "germanna-000812",
      "germanna-000813",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000820"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14216",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000087",
    "code": "BIO142",
    "title": "Human Anatomy and Physiology II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Continues study of anatomy and physiology, including endocrine system, blood and cardiovascular system, lymphatic system and immunity, respiratory system, urinary system, fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, digestive system and nutrient metabolism, reproductive system, and prenatal development. Part II of II. Prerequisite(s): Completion of BIO 141 with a grade of C or better",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO141"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000780",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000803",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000806",
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810",
      "germanna-000811",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000820"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14217",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000088",
    "code": "BIO145",
    "title": "Basic Human Anatomy & Physiology",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Surveys human anatomy and physiology. Covers basic chemical concepts, cellular physiology, anatomy, and physiology of human organ systems. Assignments require college-level reading fluency, coherent written communication, and basic mathematical skills.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000812",
      "germanna-000814",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000820"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14736",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000089",
    "code": "BIO150",
    "title": "Introductory Microbiology",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Focuses on the general characteristics, cellular structure, and metabolism of microorganisms. Emphasizes microbial relationships with individual and community health. Includes impact of microbes on human health and disease, microbial pathogenicity, identifying and managing infectious diseases and controlling microbial growth, healthcare associated infections and epidemiology. Studies aseptic culturing techniques with hands-on experience in safe microbiology practices. Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO101",
      "BIO141"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000806",
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810",
      "germanna-000816"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14219",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/bio150",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/bio150.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000090",
    "code": "BIO205",
    "title": "General Microbiology",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Explores the structure and function of microorganisms and their relationship to the environment and humans. Emphasizes the various groups of microorganisms, their growth and metabolism, roles in the functioning of ecosystems, genetics, their roles in human health, the use of microbes in industrial applications and biotechnology and methods of microbial control. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours. Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG111",
      "BIO101",
      "BIO102",
      "CHM111"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14220",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000091",
    "code": "BIO206",
    "title": "Cell Biology",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces the ultrastructure and functions of cells. Emphasizes cell metabolism, cell division, and control of gene expression.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO101",
      "CHM111"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000831"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14221",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/bio206.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000092",
    "code": "BIO256",
    "title": "General Genetics",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Explores the principles of genetics ranging from classical Mendelian inheritance to the most recent advances in the biochemical nature and function of the gene. Includes experimental design and statistical analysis.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO101",
      "BIO102"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14225",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000093",
    "code": "BIO299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Capstone Presentation: Assigns a project for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000825"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14228",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/bio299",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000094",
    "code": "BLD101",
    "title": "Construction Management I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents overviews of all phases of construction project management. Introduces students to philosophy, responsibilities, methodology, and techniques of the construction process. Introduces topics related to the construction and design industries, organizations, construction contracts, bidding procedures, insurance, taxes, bonding, cost accounting, business methods, including basic computer usage, safety and general project management procedures.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000751",
      "germanna-000755"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14767",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/bld101",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/bld101.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000095",
    "code": "BLD102",
    "title": "Construction Management II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Emphasizes advanced management techniques and methodology. Includes engineering economics, accounting principles, life cycle costing, value engineering, systems analysis with computer applications, work improvement, quality control, and a broad overview of the construction management profession.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000751"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14919",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/bld102",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/bld102.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000096",
    "code": "BLD110",
    "title": "Introduction to Construction",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers basic knowledge and requirements needed in the construction trades. Introduces use of tools and equipment, with emphasis on construction safety, including personal and tool safety. Provides a working introduction to basic blueprint reading and fundamentals of construction mathematics.",
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      "germanna-000755"
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    "id": "germanna-000097",
    "code": "BLD115",
    "title": "Building Codes",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the building codes and standards applicable to building construction and inspection processes. Covers how to search, interpret and implement the Virginia Uniform State Wide Building Code.",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000755"
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    "id": "germanna-000098",
    "code": "BLD125",
    "title": "Introduction to Carpentry Trades",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces entry-level students to the carpentry trade(s), the Wheels of Learning apprenticeship programs, various types of fasteners, and the wide variety of building materials.",
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      "BLD110"
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000751"
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    "id": "germanna-000099",
    "code": "BLD131",
    "title": "Carpentry Framing I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Presents an introduction to carpentry with emphasis on residential construction. Covers safety on the job, appropriate use of power tools, basic construction techniques, an introduction to working drawings, and the team approach to residential buildings. Presents an introduction to selection and use of ladders and scaffolds, basic form removal and demolition, and use of basic first aid. Includes the concepts of carpentry framing for floors, walls, ceilings, porches and decks. Includes theoretical and practical application as well as the concepts of carpentry framing for roof, truss installation and door and window installation. Part I of II.",
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    "code": "BLD132",
    "title": "Carpentry Framing II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Presents an introduction to carpentry with emphasis on residential construction. Covers safety on the job, appropriate use of power tools, basic construction techniques, an introduction to working drawings, and the team approach to residential buildings. Presents an introduction to selection and use of ladders and scaffolds, basic form removal and demolition, and use of basic first aid. Includes the concepts of carpentry framing for floors, walls, ceilings, porches and decks. Includes theoretical and practical application as well as the concepts of carpentry framing for roof, truss installation and door and window installation. Part II of II.",
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    "code": "BLD133",
    "title": "Carpentry Framing III",
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    "hours": 5,
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      "germanna-000749"
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    "code": "BLD135",
    "title": "Building Construction Carpentry",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents woodworking technologies in carpentry. Introduces types of framing and building materials and equipment used in residential and light commercial construction. Emphasizes the development of skills in the safe use of hand and machine woodworking tools and development of construction terminology. Includes laboratory involvement in wall framing and carpentry practices.",
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      "germanna-000746",
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    "code": "BLD140",
    "title": "Principles of Plumbing Trade I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the plumbing trade, the structure of the plumbing trade, apprenticeship standards, job safety, tools of the trade, the approved installation of plumbing materials, types of sanitary drainage pipe and piping layout of sanitary piping.",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000760"
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    "id": "germanna-000104",
    "code": "BLD141",
    "title": "Principles of Plumbing Trade II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the sizing of sanitary drainage and vent piping for single family dwelling, two-story, single-family dwellings, duplex residence, apartment building, and multi-story building.",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000760"
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    "id": "germanna-000105",
    "code": "BLD142",
    "title": "Principles of Plumbing Trade III",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the sizing of sanitary drainage and vent piping for single family dwelling, two-story, single-family dwellings, duplex residence, apartment building, and multi-story building.",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000760"
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    "id": "germanna-000106",
    "code": "BLD143",
    "title": "Plumbing Blueprint Reading",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on blueprint reading, plan reviews, schematic drawing, isometric view drawing and architectural blueprint reading on single-, two-family and multi-story dwelling for drainage, vents and water piping design.",
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    "id": "germanna-000107",
    "code": "BLD144",
    "title": "Plumbing Code and Certification Preparation",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the use of the plumbing code standard book (BOCA), references standards, the reading and use of charts and tables, and preparation for the journeyman’s certification and the cross-connection control certification test.",
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    "id": "germanna-000108",
    "code": "BLD187",
    "title": "Structure Completion",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the finishing techniques required in new construction, such as wall finishes. floor finishes, ceiling systems, interior trim, cabinet installation, and stairs. Also includes types of tools used for these techniques.",
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      "germanna-000751"
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    "code": "BLD193",
    "title": "Studies In Properties and Placement of Concrete",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers new content not covered in existing courses in the discipline. Allows instructor to explore content and instructional methods to assess the course’s viability as a permanent offering.",
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      "germanna-000746"
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    "code": "BLD195",
    "title": "Topics In",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used also for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit.",
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      "germanna-000746"
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    "code": "BLD215",
    "title": "OSHA 30 Construction Safety",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Covers all topics included in the OSHA 30-hour course.",
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    "code": "CIV110",
    "title": "Introduction to Civil Engineering Technology",
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    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces basic skills required for a career in civil engineering technology, focusing on the roles and responsibilities of the engineering team, professional ethics, problem-solving with hand calculator and computer applications. Introduces civil engineering materials and analysis, standard laboratory procedures and reporting, and engineering graphics, including instruction in computer-aided drafting. Instructs students in oral presentation preparations and delivery.",
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    "code": "CIV135",
    "title": "Construction Management and Estimating",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the equipment and methods used in construction. Includes principles and economics of construction, planning and management, and principles of estimating primarily using highway and building project examples.",
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      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000750"
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    "code": "CIV170",
    "title": "Principles of Surveying",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces the elements of surveying to include use and care of modern surveying equipment and the application of surveying in construction.",
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      "germanna-000748"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14965",
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    "code": "CIV171",
    "title": "Surveying I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces surveying equipment, procedures and computations including adjustment of instruments, distance measurement, leveling, angle measurement, traversing, traverse adjustments, area computations and introduction to topography.",
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      "MTH104"
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      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000750"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14274",
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    "id": "germanna-000116",
    "code": "CIV172",
    "title": "Surveying II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces surveys for transportation systems including the preparation and analysis of topographic maps, horizontal and vertical curves, earthwork and other topics related to transportation construction.",
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      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000750"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14970",
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    "id": "germanna-000117",
    "code": "CIV193",
    "title": "Studies In Construction Inspector Level I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers new content not covered in existing courses in the discipline. Allows instructor to explore content and instructional methods to access the course’s viability as a permanent offering.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000748"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14769",
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    "id": "germanna-000118",
    "code": "CIV195",
    "title": "Topics In Construction Inspector Level 2",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used also for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000748",
      "germanna-000757"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14770",
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    "id": "germanna-000119",
    "code": "CIV196",
    "title": "On-Site Training",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Specializes in career orientation and training program without pay in selected businesses and industry, supervised and coordinated by the college. Total Hours: Variable hours",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000748"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14928",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000120",
    "code": "CIV225",
    "title": "Soil Mechanics",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on soil in its relationship to engineering construction. Includes soil composition and structure, weight-volume relationships, sampling procedures, classification systems, water in soil, stresses, strains, bearing capacity, settlement and expansion, compaction, stabilization, and introduction to foundations and retaining walls.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000757"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14918",
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    "id": "germanna-000121",
    "code": "CIV256",
    "title": "Global Positioning Systems for Land Surveying",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces principles of satellite-based surveying and presents Global Positioning System (GPS) as it is utilized in land surveying and the various components of the GPS technology and the techniques through which the GPS technology may be used in land surveys. Utilizes field surveys using the GPS equipment as part of the laboratory activities.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000750"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14971",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000122",
    "code": "BUS100",
    "title": "Introduction to Business",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents a broad introduction to the functioning of business enterprise within the U.S. economic framework. Introduces economic systems, essential elements of business organization, production, human resource management, and marketing, finance, and risk management. Develops business vocabulary.",
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      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000768",
      "germanna-000769",
      "germanna-000774",
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14230",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/bus100",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000123",
    "code": "BUS111",
    "title": "Principles of Supervision I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the fundamentals of supervision, including the primary responsibilities of the supervisor. Introduces factors relating to the work of supervisor and subordinates. Covers aspects of leadership, job management, work improvement, training and orientation, performance evaluation, and effective employee/ supervisor relationships.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000774"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14231",
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  {
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    "code": "BUS116",
    "title": "Entrepreneurship",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the various steps considered necessary when going into business. Includes areas such as product-service analysis, market research evaluation, setting up books, ways to finance startup, operations of the business, development of business plans, buyouts versus starting from scratch, and franchising. Uses problems and cases to demonstrate implementation of these techniques.",
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      "germanna-000748",
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      "germanna-000757",
      "germanna-000759",
      "germanna-000760",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000773"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14232",
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    "id": "germanna-000125",
    "code": "BUS117",
    "title": "Leadership Development",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers interpersonal relations in hierarchical structures. Examines the dynamics of teamwork, motivation, handling change and conflict and how to achieve positive results through others.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14233",
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    "id": "germanna-000126",
    "code": "BUS125",
    "title": "Applied Business Mathematics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Applies mathematical operations to business process and problems such as wages and payroll, sales and property taxes, checkbook records and bank reconciliation, depreciation, overhead, distribution of profit and loss in partnerships, distribution of corporate dividends, commercial discounts, markup, markdown, simple interest, present values, bank discount notes, multiple payment plans, compound interest annuities, sinking funds, and amortization.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000768",
      "germanna-000769",
      "germanna-000773"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14778",
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    "id": "germanna-000127",
    "code": "BUS147",
    "title": "Introduction to Business Information Systems",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduction to Business Information Systems provides an overview of business information systems. Introduces computer hardware, software, procedures, systems, and human resources, and explores their integration and application in business. Discusses fundamentals and applications of computer problem-solving and programming.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14792",
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    "id": "germanna-000128",
    "code": "BUS165",
    "title": "Small Business Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Identifies management concerns unique to small businesses. Introduces the requirements necessary to initiate a small business and identifies the elements comprising a business plan. Presents information establishing financial and administrative controls, developing a marketing strategy, managing business operations, and the legal and government relationships specific to small businesses.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000129",
    "code": "BUS200",
    "title": "Principles of Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches management and the management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Focuses on application of management principles to realistic situations managers encounter as they attempt to achieve organizational",
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      "germanna-000764",
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      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000773",
      "germanna-000774",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000130",
    "code": "BUS201",
    "title": "Organizational Behavior",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents a behaviorally oriented course combining the functions of management with the psychology of leading and managing people. Focuses on the effective use of human resources through understanding human motivation and behavior patterns, conflict management and resolution, group functioning and process, the psychology of decision- making, and the importance of recognizing and managing change.",
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      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14238",
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    "id": "germanna-000131",
    "code": "BUS204",
    "title": "Project Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides students with knowledge of essential skills and techniques necessary to lead or participate in projects assigned to managerial personnel. Covers time and task scheduling, resource management, problem solving strategies and other areas related to managing a project.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16226",
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    "id": "germanna-000132",
    "code": "BUS205",
    "title": "Human Resource Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces employment, selection, and placement of personnel, forecasting, job analysis, job descriptions, training methods and programs, employee evaluation systems, compensation, benefits, and labor relations.",
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      "germanna-000766",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14239",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000133",
    "code": "BUS206",
    "title": "Advanced Project Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides students with in-depth knowledge and advanced skills and techniques necessary to lead projects assigned to project managers. Covers project initiating, project planning, project executing, project monitoring and controlling, and project closing. Prerequisite(s): BUS 204",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BUS204"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16225",
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    "id": "germanna-000134",
    "code": "BUS224",
    "title": "Statistical Analysis for Business",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Discusses the business statistics topics typically covered in business degree programs. Covers frequency distributions, descriptive measures, probability concepts, probability distributions, sampling, hypotheses testing for means and proportions, Chi-square distribution, simple linear regression and briefly, multiple linear regression.",
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      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000772",
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
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    "id": "germanna-000135",
    "code": "BUS226",
    "title": "Computer Business Applications",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides a practical application of software packages, including spreadsheets, word processing, database management, and presentation graphics. Includes the use of programs in accounting techniques, word processing, and management science application.",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000748",
      "germanna-000749",
      "germanna-000750",
      "germanna-000751",
      "germanna-000753",
      "germanna-000754",
      "germanna-000756",
      "germanna-000757",
      "germanna-000758",
      "germanna-000759",
      "germanna-000760",
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000773",
      "germanna-000774",
      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821",
      "germanna-000822",
      "germanna-000837"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14739",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000136",
    "code": "BUS234",
    "title": "Supply Chain Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the process of planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of materials and services from supplier to end users/ customers. Focuses on coordinating supply management, operations and integrated logistics into a seamless pipeline to maintain a continual flow of products and services.",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000137",
    "code": "BUS236",
    "title": "Communication in Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the functions of communication in management with emphasis on gathering, organizing and transmitting facts and ideas. Teaches the basic technique of effective oral and written communication.",
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      "germanna-000750",
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      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000774",
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000820"
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    "id": "germanna-000138",
    "code": "BUS240",
    "title": "Introduction to Business Law",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents an introduction to the American legal system, including an overview of the courts, civil and criminal law. Develops an in-depth understanding of contracts, agency law, and business organizations. Also includes an overview of property, UCC Sales, and Commercial Paper.",
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      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000772",
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      "germanna-000794"
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    "code": "BUS265",
    "title": "Ethical Issues in Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the legal, ethical, and social responsibilities of management. May use cases to develop the ability to think and act responsibly.",
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    "code": "BUS270",
    "title": "Interpersonal Dynamics",
    "credits": null,
    "hours": null,
    "description": "Focuses on intra- and interpersonal communication effectiveness in the business organization. Includes topics such as planning and running effective meetings, networking and politicking, coaching and mentoring, making effectual and ethical decisions, developing team-building strategies, and practicing proficient skills in verbal, non-verbal, and written communications.",
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      "germanna-000758",
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    "code": "BUS280",
    "title": "Introduction to International Business",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the problems, challenges, and opportunities which arise when business operations or organizations transcend national boundaries. Examines the functions of international business in the economy, international and transnational marketing, production, and financial operations.",
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      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000142",
    "code": "BUS290",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. Variable hours.",
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      "germanna-000766"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14246",
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    "id": "germanna-000143",
    "code": "BUS299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Assigns problems for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
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      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000766"
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    "id": "germanna-000144",
    "code": "CHD118",
    "title": "Language Arts for Young Children",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents techniques and methods for encouraging the development of language and perceptual skills in young children. Stresses improvement of vocabulary, speech and methods to stimulate discussion. Surveys children’s literature, examines elements of quality storytelling and story reading, and stresses the use of audio-visual materials.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14247",
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    "id": "germanna-000145",
    "code": "CHD120",
    "title": "Introduction to Early Childhood Education",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces early childhood development through activities and experiences in nursery, pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and primary programs. Investigates classroom organization and procedures, and use of classroom time and materials, approaches to education for young children, professionalism, and curricular procedures.",
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      "EDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800",
      "germanna-000801"
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    "id": "germanna-000146",
    "code": "CHD145",
    "title": "Teaching Art, Music, and Movement to Children",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides experiences in developing the content, methods, and materials for directing children in art, music, and movement activities.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800",
      "germanna-000801"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14249",
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    "id": "germanna-000147",
    "code": "CHD146",
    "title": "Math, Science and Social Studies for Children",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides experiences in developing the content, methods, and materials for directing children in math, science, and social studies activities.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
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      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14250",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000148",
    "code": "CHD165",
    "title": "Observation and participation in Early Childhood/Primary Settings",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on observation as the primary method for gathering information about children in early childhood settings. Emphasizes development of skills in the implementation of a range of observation techniques. Includes 40 hours of field placement in early learning setting.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800",
      "germanna-000801"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14251",
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    "id": "germanna-000149",
    "code": "CHD166",
    "title": "Infant and Toddler Programs",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the fundamentals of infant and toddler development, including planning and implementing programs in group care. Emphasizes meeting physical, social, emotional, and cognitive needs: scheduling, preparing age-appropriate activities, health and safety policies, record keeping, and reporting to parents.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14252",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000150",
    "code": "CHD205",
    "title": "Guiding the Behavior of Children",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores positive ways to build self-esteem in children and them develop self-control. Presents practical ideas for encouraging pro-social behavior in children and emphasizes basic skills and techniques in classroom management.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800",
      "germanna-000801"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14254",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chd205.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000151",
    "code": "CHD210",
    "title": "Introduction to Exceptional Children",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Reviews the history of education for exceptional children. Studies the characteristics associated with exceptional children. Explores positive techniques for managing behavior and adapting materials for classroom use.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14255",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/chd210",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000152",
    "code": "CHD216",
    "title": "Early Childhood Programs, School, and Social Change",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores methods of developing positive, effective relations between staff and parents to enhance the developmental goals of home and school. Reviews current trends and issues in education, describes symptoms of homes in need of support, investigates non-traditional family and cultural patterns, and lists community resources.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14256",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chd216.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000153",
    "code": "CHD265",
    "title": "Advanced Observation and Participation in Early Childhood/ Primary Settings",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on implementation of activity planning and observation of children through participation in early childhood settings. Emphasizes responsive teaching practices and assessment of children’s development. Reviews legal and ethical implications of working with children. Supports the student in creating a professional educational portfolio. Includes 40 hours of field placement in early learning setting.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14257",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chd265.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000154",
    "code": "CHD270",
    "title": "Administration of Childcare Programs",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the skills needed for establishing and managing early childhood programs. Emphasizes professionalism and interpersonal skills, program planning, staff selection and development, creating policies, budgeting, and developing forms for record keeping.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14258",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000155",
    "code": "CHI101",
    "title": "Beginning Chinese I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills; emphasizes basic Chinese sentence structure. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14259",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/chi101",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chi101.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000156",
    "code": "CHI102",
    "title": "Beginning Chinese II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills; emphasizes basic Chinese sentence structure. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "CHI101"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14260",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/chi102",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chi102.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000157",
    "code": "CHI201",
    "title": "Conversational Chinese (Mandarin) I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Offers intensive practice in comprehending and speaking Chinese, with emphasis on developing structure and fluency. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "CHI102"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14261",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/chi201",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chi201.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000158",
    "code": "CHI202",
    "title": "Conversational Chinese (Mandarin) II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Offers intensive practice in comprehending and speaking Chinese, with emphasis on developing structure and fluency. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "CHI102",
      "CHI201"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14262",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chi202.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000159",
    "code": "CHM101",
    "title": "Introductory Chemistry I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Explores the experimental and theoretical concepts of general chemistry while emphasizing scientific reasoning, critical and analytical thinking. Designed for the non-science major. This is a Passport and UCGS transfer course. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours. Total Hours: Total 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH154"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000805"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14263",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/chm101",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/chm101.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000160",
    "code": "CHM111",
    "title": "General Chemistry I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Explores the fundamental laws, theories, and mathematical concepts of chemistry. Designed primarily for science and engineering majors. Requires a strong background in mathematics. Students must earn a grade of C or higher in the lecture portion of the course to earn an overall grade of C or higher. Part I of II. This is a Passport and UCGS transfer course. CHM 101 or previous experience in Chemistry strongly recommended.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH161",
      "CHM101"
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    "code": "CST250",
    "title": "The Art of the Film",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "title": "Engineering Drawing Fundamentals I",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "title": "Schematics and Mechanical Drawings",
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    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Covers interpretation of basic shop drawings, conventional symbols, common electrical and electronics symbols, wiring diagrams, hydraulic and pneumatic symbols, schematic drawings, and piping diagrams.",
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    "title": "Computer Aided Drafting and Design I",
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    "description": "Teaches computer-aided drafting concepts and equipment designed to develop a general understanding of components of a typical CAD system and its operation.",
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    "code": "CAD202",
    "title": "Computer Aided Drafting and Design II",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "CAD235",
    "title": "Applications for Additive Manufacturing",
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    "code": "CAD241",
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    "code": "CSC205",
    "title": "Computer Organization",
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    "code": "CSC208",
    "title": "Introduction to Discrete Structure",
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    "code": "CSC221",
    "title": "Introduction to Problem Solving and Programming",
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    "code": "CSC222",
    "title": "Object-Oriented Programming",
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    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces the concepts and techniques of object-oriented programming to students with a background in procedural programming and problem solving. Uses a high-level computer language to illustrate and implement the topics. Second course in a three course sequence. (CSC 221, 222, 223). Prerequisite(s): CSC 221",
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    "title": "Data Structures and Analysis of Algorithms",
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    "description": "Explores and contrasts data structures, algorithms for manipulating data structures, and their use and appropriateness in writing efficient real-world programming applications. Investigates implementations of different data structures for efficient searching, sorting, and other transformer operations. Third course in a three-course sequence. (CSC 221-222-223). Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite: CSC 222",
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    "code": "CSC299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Credit Hours Assigns problems for independent study incorporating instruction and supervised by the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours 1-5",
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    "code": "DNA95",
    "title": "Topics In",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students.",
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    "code": "DNA103",
    "title": "Introduction to Oral Health",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Teaches anatomy of the head and neck, the oral cavity hard and soft tissues, as well as tooth morphology. Includes dental terminology, deciduous and permanent dentition as well as pathology.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812",
      "germanna-000815"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14286",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000189",
    "code": "DNA108",
    "title": "Dental Science",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies head and neck anatomy, tooth morphology, pathological conditions of the oral cavity, disease processes, and microbiology.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812",
      "germanna-000815"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14287",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000190",
    "code": "DNA110",
    "title": "Dental Materials",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the materials utilized in the laboratory aspect of dentistry as support in treatment. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics, manipulation, economical control, storage, and delivery of materials.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812",
      "germanna-000815"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14288",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000191",
    "code": "DNA113",
    "title": "Chairside Assisting I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction on the principles of clinical chair side dental assisting, dental equipment use and maintenance, safety, instrument identification, tray set-ups by procedures, and patient data collection. Emphasis on patient management during restorative procedures.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14289",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000192",
    "code": "DNA114",
    "title": "Chairside Assisting II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces the student to various dental specialties including oral surgery, orthodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, endodontic, and pediatric dentistry. Integrates and applies previous course content to operative dental procedures.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNA113",
      "DNA134"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14290",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000193",
    "code": "DNA119",
    "title": "Dental Therapeutics",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Exposes students to concepts and terminology related to pharmacology, pain control, and dental medicinal agents. Emphasis is placed on the use of materials I patient treatment.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14291",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna119.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000194",
    "code": "DNA120",
    "title": "Community Health",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Studies topics related to community health issues including identification of specific diseases, symptoms, causes, and effects. An emphasis is placed on the promotion of oral health in the community through patient education in oral home care techniques, dietary counseling, plaque control procedures and application of medicinal agents.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14292",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000195",
    "code": "DNA130",
    "title": "Dental Office Management",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Exposes students to and provides practical experience in the legal aspects of dental office management with regard to ethics, jurisprudence, appointment control, recall systems, reception techniques, and telephone techniques. Accounts receivable and payable, payroll, insurance claims, inventory control, and professional conduct in a dental office.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14293",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna130.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000196",
    "code": "DNA134",
    "title": "Dental Radiology and Practicum",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the physics of dental radiation and safety, equipment operation, cone placement for the parallel and bisection techniques, panoramic exposures, mounting and film processing.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14294",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dna134",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna134.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000197",
    "code": "DNA140",
    "title": "Externship",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Exposes students to the fast pace of a dental practice while they perform support services with an established team.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNA114"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14295",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna140.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000198",
    "code": "DNA190",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/practice not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNA113",
      "DNA134"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000812"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14296",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000199",
    "code": "DNA199",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Assigns problems for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14297",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dna199",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna199.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000200",
    "code": "DNA210",
    "title": "Amalgam Restorations: Placing, Packing, Carving, and Polishing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the characteristics, manipulation, economical control, storage, and delivery or amalgam restorative materials. Covers the materials and techniques of direct amalgam placement, carving and finishing as support in dental treatment in a Laboratory environment. Total Hours: 3-6 hours/ week, contact time = 45 hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000815"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14298",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dna210",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna210.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000201",
    "code": "DNA212",
    "title": "Composite Resin Restorations: Placing and Shaping",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the characteristics, manipulation, economical control, storage, and delivery of composite restorative materials. Covers the materials and techniques of direct composite placement and finishing in a Laboratory setting as supported in dental treatment. Total Hours: Contact Time; 120 hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000815"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14299",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000202",
    "code": "DNA214",
    "title": "Indirect Restoration Techniques",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the characteristics, manipulation, economical control, storage, and delivery of indirect restoration materials. Covers materials and techniques of non- epinephrine cord placement, taking of final impressions, and final cementation of indirect restorations in a Laboratory setting as a support in treatment. Total Hours: Contact time = 60 hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000815"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14300",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dna214.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000203",
    "code": "DNH111",
    "title": "Oral Anatomy",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies the morphology and function of the oral structures with emphasis on the primary and permanent dentition, eruption sequence, occlusion, and intra-arch relationships.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14796",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh111",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh111.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000204",
    "code": "DNH115",
    "title": "Histology/Head and Neck Anatomy",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents a study of the microscopic and macroscopic anatomy and physiology of the head, neck, and oral tissues. Includes embryologic development and histologic components of the head, neck, teeth, and periodontium.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14797",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh115",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh115.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000205",
    "code": "DNH120",
    "title": "Management of Emergencies",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies the various medical emergencies and techniques for managing emergencies in the dental setting. Additional practical applications and simulations of emergencies maybe conducted to enhance basic knowledge from the one hour lecture component.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14802",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh120",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh120.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000206",
    "code": "DNH130",
    "title": "Oral Radiology for the Dental Hygienist",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies radiation physics, biology, safety, and exposure techniques for intra- and extra-oral radiographic surveys. Laboratory provides practice in exposure, processing methods, mounting, and interpretation of normal findings.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14799",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh130",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh130.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000207",
    "code": "DNH141",
    "title": "Dental Hygiene I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces clinical knowledge and skills for the performance of dental hygiene services; basic skill components, lab manikins. and client practice.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14798",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh141",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh141.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000208",
    "code": "DNH142",
    "title": "Dental Hygiene II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Exposes students to instrument sharpening, time management, and client education techniques and methods. Provides supervised clinical practice in the dental hygiene clinic with emphasis on developing client treatment and instrument skills. Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite: DNH 141",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNH141"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14800",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh142",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh142.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000209",
    "code": "DNH143",
    "title": "Dental Hygiene III",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces dental health care for clients with special needs. Includes introduction to computer concepts and applications. Provides supervised clinical practice in the dental hygiene clinic with emphasis on refining client treatment and instrumentation skills, including oral radiographs.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14805",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh143",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh143.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000210",
    "code": "DNH145",
    "title": "General and Oral Pathology",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces general pathology with consideration of the common diseases affecting the human body. Particular emphasis is given to the study of pathological conditions of the mouth, teeth and their supporting structures.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNH113"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14804",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh145",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh145.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000211",
    "code": "DNH146",
    "title": "Periodontics for the Dental Hygienist",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces the theoretical and practical study of various concepts and methods used in describing, preventing, and controlling periodontal disease. Presents etiology, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of diseases.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14803",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh146",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh146.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000212",
    "code": "DNH199",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Assigns problems for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14813",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh199",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh199.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000213",
    "code": "DNH214",
    "title": "Practical Materials for Dental Hygiene",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies the current technologic advances, expanded functions, and clinical/laboratory materials used in dental hygiene practice. Provides laboratory experience for developing skills in the utilization and applications of these technologies and functions.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14808",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh214",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh214.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000214",
    "code": "DNH216",
    "title": "Pharmacology",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies the chemical and therapeutic agents used in dentistry, including their preparation, effectiveness, and specific application.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14801",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh216",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh216.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000215",
    "code": "DNH226",
    "title": "Public Health Dental Hygiene I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Studies and compares concepts of delivery of health care, applying the public health delivery model. Utilizes epidemiologic methods, research and biostatistics as applied to oral health program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Incorporates and applies current health issues and trends.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14806",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh226",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh226.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000216",
    "code": "DNH227",
    "title": "Public Health Dental Hygiene II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Applies concepts of public health program planning through student-directed community projects with an emphasis on preventative oral health education. Includes development of table clinics, bulletin boards, and volunteer service in the community. Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite: DNH 226 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours Total Hours: Total Hours: 3 hours",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNH226"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14811",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh227",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh227.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000217",
    "code": "DNH230",
    "title": "Office Practice & Ethics",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Studies the principles of dental ethics and economics as they relate to the dental hygienist. The course also includes a study of jurisprudence and office procedures.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14812",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh230",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh230.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000218",
    "code": "DNH235",
    "title": "Management of Dental Pain and Anxiety",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Provides a study of anxiety and pain management techniques used in dental care. Students will understand the necessary theory to appropriately treat, plan and successfully administer topical anesthesia, local anesthesia, and nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia. Includes the components of pain, pain control mechanisms, topical anesthesia, local anesthesia and nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNH115",
      "DNH120"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14807",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh235",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh235.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000219",
    "code": "DNH244",
    "title": "Dental Hygiene IV",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Introduces advanced skills and the dental hygienist’s role in dental specialties. Includes supervised clinical practice in the dental hygiene clinic and/or off-campus clinical rotations at various community facilities. Emphasizes treatment of clients demonstrating periodontal involvement, stressing application and correlation of knowledge and skills from previous semesters. Prerequisite(s): Prerequisites: DNH 143",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNH143"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14809",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh244",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh244.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000220",
    "code": "DNH245",
    "title": "Dental Hygiene V",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Exposes student to current advances in dentistry. Includes supervised clinical practice in the dental hygiene clinic and/or off-campus clinical rotations at various community facilities. Emphasis is placed on synthesis of knowledge from previous semesters, treatment of clients with moderate to advanced periodontal involvement and improving clinical speed while maintaining quality in preparation for practice. Prerequisite(s): Prerequisite: DNH 244",
    "prerequisites": [
      "DNH244"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000806"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14810",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh245",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh245.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000221",
    "code": "DNH299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Assigns problems for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14814",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh299",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/dnh299.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000222",
    "code": "ECO150",
    "title": "Economic Essentials: Theory and Application",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents a broad overview of microeconomic and macroeconomic theory with application to current economic situations. Introduces concepts, policies, and theories in addition to models of domestic and global economies. This is a Passport and UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14900",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/eco150",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/eco150.md"
  },
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    "id": "germanna-000223",
    "code": "ECO201",
    "title": "Principles of Macroeconomics",
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    "hours": 3,
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      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "code": "ECO202",
    "title": "Principles of Microeconomics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the fundamental microeconomic concepts, theories, and issues including the study of scarcity and opportunity cost, supply and demand, elasticities, marginal revenues and costs, profits, production, and distribution. Develops an appreciation of how these economic concepts apply to consumer and business decisions, and their effect on the individual.",
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000764",
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      "germanna-000794",
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      "germanna-000832",
      "germanna-000833",
      "germanna-000834",
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    "id": "germanna-000225",
    "code": "EDU114",
    "title": "Driver Task Analysis",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the”driver task”as related to the highway transportation system and factors that influences performance ability. Prepares students so they may be eligible to take certification exams for driving school instructors in both public and private schools.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDE10",
      "ESL41"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14304",
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    "id": "germanna-000226",
    "code": "EDU200",
    "title": "Foundations of Education",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the foundational topics related to education. Emphasizes the historical, philosophical, social, legal, ethical, and professional aspects of teaching. This course requires a practicum with a minimum of 20 hours of observation in a K-12 setting.",
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000797",
      "germanna-000798",
      "germanna-000799"
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    "id": "germanna-000227",
    "code": "EDU204",
    "title": "Teaching in a Diverse Society",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines how personal and professional identities, positioning, and intersectional positionalities, values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors impact teaching and learning. Develops an understanding of similar and unique characteristics of PreK-12 students and their families, including culture, race, ethnicity, religion, language and learning abilities, gender socializations and sexual orientation. This course requires a practicum with a minimum of 20 hours of observation in a K-12 setting. Prerequisite(s): EDU 200",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDU200"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000797",
      "germanna-000798"
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    "id": "germanna-000228",
    "code": "EDU206",
    "title": "Classroom and Behavioral Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an overview of developing a positive and inclusive learning environment. Emphasizes methods for managing the diverse needs of students in order to promote a positive learning environment. Addresses how to establish and communicate expectations for effective instruction. Prerequisite(s): EDU 200",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDU200"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15174",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000229",
    "code": "EDU207",
    "title": "Human Growth and Development",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an overview of the physical, intellectual, cognitive, language, social, and emotional development of human beings from birth to adolescence. Emphasizes how hereditary and environmental influences impact the development of the whole child.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000797",
      "germanna-000798"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000230",
    "code": "EDU214",
    "title": "Instructional Principles of Driver Education",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Analyzes rules and regulations that govern the conduct of Driver Education programs with special emphasis on organization and administration. Includes uses in the classroom, driving range and on the street. Prepares students so they may be eligible to take the state certification exam in driver education.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EDU114"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14306",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000231",
    "code": "EDU235",
    "title": "Health, Safety, and Nutrition Education",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on the health and developmental needs of children and the methods by which these needs are met. Emphasizes positive health, hygiene, nutrition and feeding routines, childhood diseases, and safety issues. Emphasizes supporting the mental and physical well being of children, as well as procedures for reporting child abuse.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800",
      "germanna-000801"
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    "id": "germanna-000232",
    "code": "EDU250",
    "title": "Foundations of Exceptional Education",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the historical, ethical, social, cultural, and legal practices for providing educational services for individuals with exceptionalities including early intervention, inclusion, adapting environments, and supporting positive behavior. Includes the study of characteristics of individuals with exceptionalities and the influence of culture and environment on development. Focuses on models, theories, and trends in special education. Prerequisite(s): EDU 200",
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      "EDU200"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000797",
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    "id": "germanna-000233",
    "code": "EGR121",
    "title": "Foundations of Engineering",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Discusses the engineering profession, including engineering ethics and responsibilities,communications and career paths and different engineering disciplines. Covers mathematics and science fundamentals used in engineering. Describes computational engineering tools and covers the computer programming used in solving engineering problems. Total Hours: 2",
    "prerequisites": [
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      "germanna-000794",
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      "germanna-000835",
      "germanna-000837"
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    "code": "EGR122",
    "title": "Engineering Design",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the fundamentals of engineering design, its processes and tools. Covers the engineering design process from inception to final design and documentation in addition to computer programming and 3D graphics tools used in engineering design. Uses written, oral and graphics communications during the design process. Requires completion of team based design projects. Total Hours: 3",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EGR121"
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      "germanna-000794",
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      "germanna-000831",
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    "id": "germanna-000235",
    "code": "EGR125",
    "title": "Introduction to Computer Programming for Engineers",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces problem solving and implementation of computer software solutions using a high-level programming language in a structured environment. Includes concepts and practice of algorithm design, language syntax, control structures, arrays, and introduction to object-oriented programming. Covers engineering applications, such as mathematical modeling, file input and output, and basic numerical methods. The assignments in this course require mathematical problem-solving skills, algebraic modeling, and functions, and use of variables. Total Hours: 4",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH162",
      "MTH167"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000236",
    "code": "EGR231",
    "title": "Mass and Energy Balances",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the field of chemical engineering and how material and energy balances are applied to chemical processes, and physical and thermodynamic properties of multi-component systems. Prerequisite(s): MTH 264 , EGR 121 , CHM 112 (grade of C or higher in these courses)",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH264",
      "EGR121",
      "CHM112"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
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      "germanna-000832"
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    "id": "germanna-000237",
    "code": "EGR232",
    "title": "Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Examines energy conservation; concepts of equilibrium, temperature, energy, and entropy; partial molar properties; pure component and mixture equations of state; processes involving energy transfer as work and heat; reversibility and irreversibility; and closed and open systems and cyclic processes. Prerequisite(s): MTH 265 and EGR 231 (grade of C or higher in both of these courses)",
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      "EGR231"
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    "id": "germanna-000238",
    "code": "EGR240",
    "title": "Solid Mechanics (Statics)",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers basic concepts of mechanics, systems of forces and couples, equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies, and internal forces and analysis of structures. Also includes trusses, frames, machines and beams, distributed forces, friction, centroids and moments of inertia. Total Hours: 3",
    "prerequisites": [
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      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000831",
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    "id": "germanna-000239",
    "code": "EGR245",
    "title": "Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents approach to kinematics of particles in linear and curvilinear motion. Includes kinematics of rigid bodies in plane motion. Teaches Newton’s second law, work-energy and power, impulse and momentum, and problem solving using computers.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EGR240",
      "MTH265"
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      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000830",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14312",
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    "id": "germanna-000240",
    "code": "EGR246",
    "title": "Mechanics of Materials",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches concepts of stress, strain, deformation, internal equilibrium, and basic properties of engineering materials. Analyzes axial loads, torsion, bending, shear and combined loading. Studies stress transformation and principle stresses, column analysis and energy principles.",
    "prerequisites": [
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      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000830",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000241",
    "code": "EGR248",
    "title": "Thermodynamics for Engineering",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies formulation of the first and second law of thermodynamics. Presents energy conversion, concepts of energy, and temperature, entropy, and enthalpy, equations of state of fluids. Covers reversibility and irreversibility in processes, closed and open systems, cyclical processes and problem solving using computers.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PHY241",
      "CHM111"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000835"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14314",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000242",
    "code": "EGR270",
    "title": "Fundamentals of Computer Engineering",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers digital system analysis, design, and implementation. Includes digital logic, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, hierarchical design, and introduction to computer organization and assembly language. Features in laboratory work the use of discrete logic, programmable logic devices, and hardware description language to design, simulate, implement, validate, and document digital circuits. Total Hours: 4",
    "prerequisites": [
      "EGR121",
      "EGR125",
      "CSC221"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000834"
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    "id": "germanna-000243",
    "code": "EGR271",
    "title": "Electrical Circuits I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers fundamentals of electric circuits. Teaches resistive circuit analysis methods, including network theorems. Features operational amplifiers, capacitors, inductors, resistor-capacitor (RC), resistor-inductor (RL) and resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit transient response. Introduces phasor representation of alternating current (AC) circuits. Utilizes circuit design processes, technical writing and computer software for problem solving. Includes laboratory analysis to explore course concepts. Prerequisite(s): MTH 264 and EGR 121",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH264",
      "EGR121"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000244",
    "code": "EGR272",
    "title": "Electric Circuits II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers sinusoidal steady-state circuit response using phasors, frequency analysis of linear circuits including frequency response, Bode plots, Fourier series analysis, and design of basic filters. Examines Laplace circuit analysis and transfer functions, AC power analysis, nonlinear diode models, and technical writing. Includes laboratory analysis and open-ended design project. Part II of II. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 Total Hours: 4",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH267",
      "EGR271"
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      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000834"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000245",
    "code": "ELE127",
    "title": "Residential Wiring Methods",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies wiring methods and standards used for residential dwellings. Provides practical experience in design, layout, construction, and testing of residential wiring systems by use of scaled mock-ups.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000753"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14760",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000246",
    "code": "ELE131",
    "title": "National Electrical Code I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides comprehensive study of the purpose and interpretations of the National Electric Code as well as familiarization and implementation of various charts, code rulings and wiring methods including state and local regulations. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000753"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14761",
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    "id": "germanna-000247",
    "code": "ELE133",
    "title": "Practical Electricity I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Practical Electricity I Teaches the fundamentals of electricity, terminology, symbols, and diagrams. Includes the principles essential to the understanding of general practices, safety and the practical aspects of residential and non-residential wiring and electrical installation, including fundamentals of motors and controls. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 4 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000755"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14321",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000248",
    "code": "ELE134",
    "title": "Practical Electricity II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the fundamentals of electricity, terminology, symbols, and diagrams. Includes the principles essential to the understanding of general practices, safety and the practical aspects of residential and non-residential wiring and electrical installation, including fundamentals of motors and controls. Part II of II. Prerequisite(s): Completed ELE 131 Co-requisite(s) Enrolled in ELE 131",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ELE131"
    ],
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000249",
    "code": "ELE146",
    "title": "Electric Motor Control",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Studies solid state devices with application and emphasis toward control of power. Includes diodes, SCR’s, photoelectric controls, timing, circuits, voltage regulation and three phase rectifiers.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ELE150"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000752"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000250",
    "code": "ELE148",
    "title": "Power Distribution Systems",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces transmission and distribution of electrical power. Includes application of transformers, distribution and over-current protection devices, substations, switchboards, feeders, bus-ways, motor control centers, generators, motors, and troubleshooting techniques associated with these systems and devices.",
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      "germanna-000752"
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    "code": "ELE150",
    "title": "A.C. and D.C. Circuit Fundamentals",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an intensive study of the fundamentals of direct and alternating current, resistance, magnetism, inductance and capacitance, with emphasis on practical applications. Focuses on electrical/machines applications.",
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    "id": "germanna-000252",
    "code": "ELE156",
    "title": "Electrical Control Systems",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Includes troubleshooting and servicing electrical controls, electric motors, motor controls, motor starters, relays, overloads, instruments and control circuits.",
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    "code": "ELE159",
    "title": "Electrical Motors",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches practical applications and fundamentals of A.C. and D.C. machines. Includes the concepts of magnetism and generators used in electrical motor applications.",
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    "code": "ELE173",
    "title": "Commercial Wiring Methods",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers electrical wiring methods and standards used for commercial buildings and provides a comprehensive study of the national electrical code that deals with commercial wiring installations including state and local regulations. Includes building wiring as well as the wiring of electrical equipment and appliances in a commercial environment.",
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    "code": "ELE233",
    "title": "Programmable Logic Controller Systems I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches operating and programming of programmable logic controllers. Covers analog and digital interfacing and communication schemes as they apply to system. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours. Total Hours: 5-6 hours per week.",
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    "code": "ELE245",
    "title": "Industrial Wiring",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ELE250",
    "title": "Fiber Optic Technology",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces testing, troubleshooting, and repair of fiber optic systems. Prepares students for the Electronics Technician Association Fiber Optics Technician (FOT) certification necessary to compete for technician-level positions in a wide range of networking, security and video companies.",
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    "code": "ENE108",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "EMS100",
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    "hours": 1,
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    "code": "EMS111",
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    "hours": 7,
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    "hours": 1,
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ENG113",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15192",
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    "code": "ENG210",
    "title": "Advanced Composition",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "s students refine skills in writing non-fiction prose. Guides development of individual voice and style. Introduces procedures for publication.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "code": "ENG211",
    "title": "Creative Writing I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the student to the fundamentals of writing imaginatively. Students write in forms to be selected from poetry, fiction, drama, and essays.",
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    "title": "Creative Writing II",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the student to the fundamentals of writing imaginatively. Students write in forms to be selected from poetry, fiction, drama, and essays.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14332",
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    "code": "ENG217",
    "title": "Creative Writing - Poetry I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the fundamentals and techniques of writing poetry.",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "title": "Introduction to the Short Story",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines selected short stories emphasizing the history of the genre. Involves critical reading and writing. Develops skills in close reading, writing, research, interpretation, and comparative analysis.",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ENG255",
    "title": "World Literature",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines literary texts across a variety of cultures, genres, and time periods. Develops critical thinking and interpretive skills through close reading, discussion, and analysis of literary texts from around the world in their historical, cultural, social, and/or literary contexts. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG112",
      "ENG113"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000762",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "id": "germanna-000279",
    "code": "ENG256",
    "title": "Literature of Science Fiction",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the literary and social aspects of science fiction, emphasizing development of ideas and techniques through the history of the genre. Involves critical reading and writing. This is a UCGS transfer course. Prerequisite(s): ENG 112 or divisional approval",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG112"
    ],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14962",
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    "id": "germanna-000280",
    "code": "ENG258",
    "title": "African American Literature",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the stories African American authors tell about themselves, their communities, and the world. Examines common and diverging themes within African American literary traditions through the study of diverse authors, genres, and literary movements from a variety of time periods. Emphasizes interpretive and critical analysis skills developed through close reading and consideration of historical and cultural contexts. This is a UCGS transfer course. Prerequisite(s): ENG 112 or ENG 113 or departmental approval",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG112",
      "ENG113"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "id": "germanna-000281",
    "code": "ENG275",
    "title": "Women’s Literature",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines literary texts by women writers from diverse time periods, genres, and authors. Develops skills of close reading and literary analysis through analysis of texts within their historical, cultural, social, and/or literary contexts. Explores how women’s experiences have shaped their literary contributions, the cultural forces affecting their lives, and how they have used writing to shape their cultures. This is a UCGS transfer course. Prerequisite(s): ENG 112 , ENG 113 , or departmental approval",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG112",
      "ENG113"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "id": "germanna-000282",
    "code": "ENG276",
    "title": "Southern Literature",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the themes and techniques of selected writers dealing with the American South as a distinctive cultural entity. Involves critical reading and writing.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG112"
    ],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14350",
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    "id": "germanna-000283",
    "code": "ENG279",
    "title": "Film and Literature",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the transition of literature into film viewing and writing. Develops critical thinking and reading skills through writing, research, interpretation, and comparative analysis.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG112"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000775"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14351",
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    "id": "germanna-000284",
    "code": "ENV121",
    "title": "General Environmental Science I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Explores fundamental components and interactions that make up the natural systems of the earth. Introduces the basic science concepts in the discipline of biological, chemical, and earth sciences that are necessary to understand and address environmental issues. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000827"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14352",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000285",
    "code": "ENV122",
    "title": "General Environmental Science II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Explores fundamental components and interactions that make up the natural systems of the earth. Introduces the basic science concepts in the disciplines of biological, chemical, and earth sciences that are necessary to understand and address environmental issues. Part II of II",
    "prerequisites": [],
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      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000827"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14353",
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    "id": "germanna-000286",
    "code": "ENV136",
    "title": "Survey of Environmental Concerns",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the relationship of man to his physical environment; ecological principles; public health; topics of current importance including air pollution, potable water, waste disposal, communicable disease, poisoning and toxicity, radiation, with particular emphasis on community action programs.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000827"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14354",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000287",
    "code": "ENV299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Capstone Presentation: Assigns a project for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor and supervised by the instructor.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000827"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14355",
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    "id": "germanna-000288",
    "code": "ESL20",
    "title": "English as a Second Language II",
    "credits": 9,
    "hours": 9,
    "description": "Provides intensive instruction and practice at the low intermediate level. Provides an introduction to the sound system, stress, intonational and rhythmic patterns of English through listening and speaking exercises. Includes individualized instruction to improve basic reading comprehension. Requires practice in writing with emphasis on building basic sentence structures, grammar and sentence- level writing. Placement into ESL 20.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15175",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000289",
    "code": "ESL36",
    "title": "English as a Second Language: Academic Writing I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Provides instruction and practice in the writing process at the high-intermediate level. Develops competence in grammatical patterns of academic English. It provides the opportunity for ESL students to progress through the intended ESL sequence for writing.Credits are not applicable toward graduation.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL20"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15176",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000290",
    "code": "ESL37",
    "title": "English as a Second Language: Academic Reading I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Provides instruction and practice in reading and vocabulary development at the highintermediate level. Develops reading fluency and comprehension of short texts. Increases highfrequency and academic vocabulary. It provides the opportunity for ESL students to progress through the intended ESL sequence for reading. Credits are not applicable toward graduation.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL20"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15177",
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    "id": "germanna-000291",
    "code": "ESL39",
    "title": "Academic Listening and Speaking I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Provides instruction and practice in listening and speaking. Prepares for the listening, discussion, and other classroom activities that require intelligibility in and comprehension of spoken English. Increases high-frequency and academic vocabulary to improve listening comprehension of academic lectures. Credits are not applicable toward graduation.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL29"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16243",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000292",
    "code": "ESL46",
    "title": "English as a Second Language: Academic Writing II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides instruction and practice in the writing process at the advanced level. Improves competence in composing structured paragraphs in academic English. Emphasizes grammatical accuracy in complex sentences. It provides the opportunity for ESL students to progress through the intended ESL sequence for writing. Credits are not applicable toward graduation. Prerequisite(s): Placement into ESL 46 or completion of ESL 36 Co-requisite(s) ESL 39 Academic Listening and Speaking I",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL36"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15178",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/esl46",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000293",
    "code": "ESL47",
    "title": "English as a Second Language: Academic Reading II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides instruction and practice in reading and vocabulary development at the advanced level. Improves reading fluency and comprehension of non-academic and academic texts. Increases high-frequency and academic vocabulary. It provides the opportunity for ESL students to progress through the intended ESLsequence for reading. Credits are not applicable toward graduation. Co-requisite(s) ESL 39 Academic Listening and Speaking I",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL37"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15179",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/esl47",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000294",
    "code": "ESL56",
    "title": "English as a Second Language: Academic Writing III",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Prepares for college-level writing by providing instruction and practice in the writing process. Develops competence in composing structured essays in academic English. Emphasizes grammatical accuracy and development of ideas. It provides the opportunity for ESL students to progress through the intended ESLsequence for writing. Credits are not applicable toward graduation. Co-requisite(s) ESL 39 Academic Listening and Speaking I",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL46"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15180",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/esl56",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000295",
    "code": "ESL57",
    "title": "English as a Second Language: Academic Reading III",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides instruction and practice in reading and vocabulary development. Strengthens reading fluency and comprehension, with emphasis on acquiring sufficient vocabulary for college-level reading. It provides the opportunity for ESL students to progress through the intended ESL sequence for reading. Credits are not applicable toward graduation. Co-requisite(s) ESL 39 Academic Listening and Speaking I",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ESL47"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15181",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000296",
    "code": "ETR113",
    "title": "D.C. and A.C. Fundamentals I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Studies D.C. and A.C. circuits, basic electrical components, instruments, network theorems, and techniques used to predict, analyze and measure electrical quantities. Part I of II. Prerequisite(s): MDE 10 or equivalent",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MDE10"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000838"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14820",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/etr113",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000297",
    "code": "ETR114",
    "title": "D.C. and A.C. Fundamentals II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Studies D.C. and A.C. circuits, basic electrical components, instruments, network theorems, and techniques used to predict, analyze and measure electrical quantities. Part II of II. Prerequisite(s): ETR 113",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ETR113"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000836"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14873",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/etr114",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000298",
    "code": "ETR141",
    "title": "Electronics I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces electronic devices as applied to basic electronic circuits and systems. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14363",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/etr141",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/etr141.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000299",
    "code": "ETR143",
    "title": "Devices and Applications I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Teaches theory of active devices and circuits such as diodes, power supplies, transistors (BJTs), amplifiers and their parameters, FETs, and operational amplifiers. May include UJTs, oscillators, RF amplifiers, thermionic devices and others. Part I of II. Prerequisite(s): ETR 114",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ETR114"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15183",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000300",
    "code": "ETR150",
    "title": "Machine Control Using Relay and Programmable Logic",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an introduction to hardwired relay logic and the programmable logic controller (PLC) as utilized in a variety of different control tasks. Covers different types of inputs and outputs in control system. Teaches practical troubleshooting strategies. Prerequisite(s): ETR 167",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ETR167"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15185",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000301",
    "code": "ETR167",
    "title": "Logic and Systems",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies digital switching and logic circuits, numbering systems, Boolean algebra, logic gates and families. Includes fundamental concepts of microprocessor operation and interface circuitry. Prerequisite(s): ETR 114",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ETR114"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15173",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000302",
    "code": "FIN107",
    "title": "Personal Finance",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents a framework of personal money management concepts, including establishing values and goals, determining sources of income, managing income, preparing a budget, developing consumer buying ability, using credit, understanding savings and insurance, providing for adequate retirement, and estate planning.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14364",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/fin107",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000303",
    "code": "FIN166",
    "title": "Credit Analysis",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Uses ratios and other measures to interpret and analyze financial statements. Emphasizes comparative statement analysis and examines organizational structure necessary for effective collection results. Focuses on policies and procedures necessary to handle collection correspondence. Covers such other topics as legal aids, use of adjustment bureaus, bankruptcy, and insurance. Examines credit practices and policies of banks and finance companies. Introduces foreign credit and collection procedures.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14365",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000304",
    "code": "FIN215",
    "title": "Financial Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces basic financial management topics including statement analysis, working capital, capital budgeting, and long-term financing. Focuses on Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return techniques, lease vs. buy analysis, and cost of capital computations. Uses problems and cases to enhance skills in financial planning and decision making.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000772"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14366",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000305",
    "code": "FST100",
    "title": "Principles of Emergency Services",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Credits: Provides an overview to fire protection; career opportunities in fire protection and related fields; philosophy and history of fire protection/service; fire loss analysis; organization and function to public and private fire protection services; fire departments as part of local government; laws and regulations affecting the fire service; fire service nomenclature; specific fire protection functions; basic fire chemistry and physics; introduction to fire protection systems; introduction to fire strategy and tactics.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14367",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000306",
    "code": "FST110",
    "title": "Fire Behavior and Combustion",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Credits: Explores the theories and fundamentals of how and why fires start, spread, and how they are controlled.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14368",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000307",
    "code": "FST112",
    "title": "Hazardous Materials Chemistry",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Credits: Provides basic fire chemistry relating to the categories of hazardous materials including problems of recognition, reactivity, and health encountered by firefighters.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14369",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000308",
    "code": "FST115",
    "title": "Fire Prevention",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Credits: Provides fundamental information regarding the history and philosophy of fire prevention, organization and operation of a fire prevention bureau, use of fire codes, identification and correction of fire hazards, and the relationships of fire prevention with built-in fire protection systems, fire investigation, and fire and life-safety education.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14370",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000309",
    "code": "FST121",
    "title": "Principles of Fire and Emergency Services Safety and Survival",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Credits: Introduces basic principles and history related to the national firefighter life safety initiatives, focusing on the need for cultural and behavior change throughout the emergency services.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14371",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/fst121",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/fst121.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000310",
    "code": "FST135",
    "title": "Fire Instructor I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "FST140",
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    "code": "FST205",
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    "code": "FST210",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "FST215",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "FST220",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "FST235",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "FST240",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Credits: Presents an intermediate-level course to individuals further develop the skills needed to supervise and direct personnel, manage resources at the company level; and is based on the current requirements of the NFPA 1021, Standards for Fire Officer Professional Qualifications. Prepares student for certification as Fire Officer II.",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on the relationship between culture and geography. Presents a survey of modern demographics, landscape modification, material and nonmaterial culture, language, race and ethnicity, religion, politics, and economic activities. Introduces the student to types and uses of maps.",
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    "description": "Provides hands on introduction to a dynamic desktop GIS (Geographic Information System). Introduces the components of a desktop GIS and their functionality. Emphasizes manipulation of data for the purpose of analysis, presentation, and decision making.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14394",
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    "hours": 4,
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14396",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Prepares students to demonstrate competency concerning basic principles of pharmacology, drug dosage calculations and medication administration. Introduces medications listed in the Advanced EMT (AEMT) scope of practice. Co-requisite(s) EMS 126",
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    "code": "EMS126",
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    "title": "Airway, Shock, and Resuscitation Lab",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on specific skills related to airway, resuscitation and shock management. Co-requisite(s) EMS 127 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours Total Hours: 2 hours per week",
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    "title": "Emergency Medical Care",
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    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Prepares the student to assess and manage patients with common medical emergencies. Co-requisite(s) EMS 136",
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    "title": "Emergency Medical Care Lab",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on specific skills related to the assessment and management of common medical emergencies. Co-requisite(s) EMS 135 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours Total Hours: 2 hours per week",
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    "hours": 1,
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    "id": "germanna-000346",
    "code": "EMS139",
    "title": "Special Populations",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on the pre-hospital assessment and management of patients in a specific population including pediatrics, geriatrics, obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN), bariatric, abuse, sexual assault and special needs. Co-requisite(s) EMS 140",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14864",
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    "id": "germanna-000347",
    "code": "EMS140",
    "title": "Special Populations Lab",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Develops skills related to the assessment and management of patients in a specific population including pediatrics, geriatrics, obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN), bariatric, abuse, sexual assault and special needs. Co-requisite(s) EMS 139 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours Total Hours: 2 hours per week",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14865",
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    "id": "germanna-000348",
    "code": "EMS141",
    "title": "Cardiovascular Care",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on assessment and management of cardiac-related emergencies. Covers basic dysrhythmia recognition and relates it to overall cardiac patient care. Co-requisite(s) EMS 142",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14866",
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    "id": "germanna-000349",
    "code": "EMS142",
    "title": "Cardiovascular Care Lab",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on skills involved in the assessment and management of cardiac-related emergencies. Develops competency in basic dysrhythmia recognition and overall cardiac patient care. Co-requisite(s) Corequisite EMS 141 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Laboratory Hours: 2 Total Hours: Total Hours: 2",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14876",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000350",
    "code": "EMS163",
    "title": "Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS)",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Prepares for certification as a Prehospital Trauma Life Support provider as defined by the American College of Surgeons.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14793",
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    "id": "germanna-000351",
    "code": "EMS164",
    "title": "Advanced Medical Life Support (AMLS)",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Covers current topics of care for adult patients suffering extensive medical conditions and emergencies, and offers certification as an Advanced Medical Life Support (AMLS) as defined by the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT).",
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      "germanna-000807"
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    "id": "germanna-000352",
    "code": "EMS165",
    "title": "Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Prepares for certification as an Advanced Cardiac Life provider. Follows course as defined by the American Heart Association.",
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      "EMS221",
      "EMS222"
    ],
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      "germanna-000807"
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    "id": "germanna-000353",
    "code": "EMS167",
    "title": "Emergency Pediatric Care",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Provides a unique approach to pediatric medical care, offering assessment techniques that can EMS practitioners rapidly and accurately assess pediatric patients to determine which situations may be life threatening and require immediate intervention. Offers certification as defined by the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT).",
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      "germanna-000807"
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    "id": "germanna-000354",
    "code": "EMS170",
    "title": "ALS Internship I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Begins the first in a series of clinical experiences providing supervised direct patient contact in appropriate patient care facilities in and out of hospitals. Includes but not limited to patient care units such as the Emergency Department, Critical Care units, Pediatric, Labor and Delivery, Operating Room, Trauma centers and various advanced life support units. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Laboratory Hours: 3-6 hours per week Total Hours: Total Hours: 3-6 hours per week",
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      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
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    "id": "germanna-000355",
    "code": "EMS175",
    "title": "Paramedic Clinical Experience I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Introduces students to live patient assessment and management in the clinical setting. Begins a continuum of learning involving live patients that leads to entry-level competence at the paramedic level. Prerequisite(s): Current Virginia EMT and CPR certification as approved by the Virginia Office of EMS Total Hours: 3 hours",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
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  },
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    "id": "germanna-000356",
    "code": "EMS180",
    "title": "Advanced EMS Foundations",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Introduces fundamental concepts established by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for the Advanced EMT curriculum. Includes EMS systems, introduction to research, workforce safety and wellness, EMS system communications, therapeutic communication, legal and ethical issues. Prerequisite(s): Current EMT and CPR certification as approved by the Virginia Office of EMS",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
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  },
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    "id": "germanna-000357",
    "code": "EMS180",
    "title": "Advanced EMS Foundations",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Introduces fundamental concepts established by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for the Advanced EMT curriculum. Includes EMS systems, introduction to research, workforce safety and wellness, EMS system communications, therapeutic communication, and legal and ethical issues.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000358",
    "code": "EMS181",
    "title": "Advanced Airway and Shock Management",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Introduces core principles of airway, shock, and resuscitation as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) within the Advanced EMT curriculum. Provides students with a fundamental knowledge of the Cardiopulmonary system, including its assessment and management of shock. Covers cardiac arrest and post-arrest management.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000359",
    "code": "EMS182",
    "title": "Advanced Airway and Shock Management Lab",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Examines assessment and management of trauma emergencies as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) within the Advanced EMT curriculum. Provides students with specific skills related to airway, resuscitation and shock management.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14952",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000360",
    "code": "EMS183",
    "title": "Advanced Medical Care",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Examines the assessment and management of medical emergencies as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) within the Advanced EMT curriculum.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14953",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems183",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems183.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000361",
    "code": "EMS184",
    "title": "Advanced Medical Care Laboratory",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on specific skills related to the assessment and management of common medical emergencies as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) within the Advanced EMT curriculum.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14954",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems184",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems184.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000362",
    "code": "EMS185",
    "title": "Advanced Trauma Care",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Examines the assessment and management of trauma emergencies as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) within the Advanced EMT curriculum. Co-requisite(s) EMS 186",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14955",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems185",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems185.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000363",
    "code": "EMS186",
    "title": "Advanced Trauma Care Laboratory",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on specific skills related to the assessment and management of trauma emergencies as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) within the Advanced EMT curriculum. Co-requisite(s) EMS 185 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 Total Hours: 2",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14956",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems186",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems186.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000364",
    "code": "EMS195",
    "title": "Topics In",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used also for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14944",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems195",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems195.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000365",
    "code": "EMS202",
    "title": "Paramedic Pharmacology",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on advanced pharmacological interventions, medications and their effects.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14881",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems202",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems202.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000366",
    "code": "EMS203",
    "title": "Advanced Patient Care",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the comprehensive assessment and management of patients in out-of-hospital and inter-facility scenarios. Content is centered on problem-solving through integration of didactic, psychomotor and affective curricula. Co-requisite(s) EMS 204",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14884",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems203",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems203.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000367",
    "code": "EMS204",
    "title": "Advanced Patient Care Lab",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the comprehensive assessment and management of out-of-hospital and inter-facility patients using scenario-based learning. Co-requisite(s) Co-requisite: EMS 203 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Laboratory Hours: 4 hours Total Hours: Total Hours: 4 hours per week",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14886",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems204",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems204.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000368",
    "code": "EMS206",
    "title": "Pathophysiology for Health Professions",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on the pathological processes of disease with emphasis on the anatomical and physiological alterations of the human body systems. Includes diagnosis and management appropriate to the advanced health care provider in and out of the hospital environment.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14888",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems206",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems206.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000369",
    "code": "EMS210",
    "title": "EMS Operations",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on matters related to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) operations, incident and scene safety and awareness, triage, multiple and mass casualty incident operations and medical incident management (command and control of EMS incidents). Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Laboratory 2 hours. Total Hours: Total 2 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14885",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems210",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems210.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000370",
    "code": "EMS212",
    "title": "Leadership and Professional Development",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on the development of leadership within the field of Emergency Medical Services (EMS), topics include civic engagement, personal wellness, resource management, ethical considerations in leadership and research.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14883",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems212",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems212.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000371",
    "code": "EMS216",
    "title": "Paramedic Review",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Provides the student with intensive review for the practical and written portions of the National Registry Paramedic exam. May be repeated once, for credit. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Laboratory 2 hours Total Hours: Total 2 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14878",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems216",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems216.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000372",
    "code": "EMS221",
    "title": "Paramedic Cardiovascular Care",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers in-depth assessment and management of cardiovascular conditions, as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for Paramedics.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14957",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems221",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems221.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000373",
    "code": "EMS222",
    "title": "Paramedic Cardiovascular Care Laboratory",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on skills involved in the assessment and management of cardiac-related emergencies as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for Paramedics. Develops competency in basic dysrhythmia recognition and overall cardiac patient care.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14958",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems222",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems222.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000374",
    "code": "EMS223",
    "title": "Paramedic Patient Care I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers the breadth of medical and trauma conditions as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for Paramedics. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14959",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems223",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems223.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000375",
    "code": "EMS224",
    "title": "Paramedic Patient Care I Laboratory",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Covers the skills related to the breadth of medical and trauma conditions as outlined by the NationalEmergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for Paramedics. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14960",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems224",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems224.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000376",
    "code": "EMS225",
    "title": "Paramedic Patient Care II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Covers the depth of medical and trauma conditions as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for Paramedics. Part II of II. Co-requisite(s) EMS 226",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14949",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems225",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems225.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000377",
    "code": "EMS226",
    "title": "Paramedic Patient Care Laboratory II",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Covers the skills related to the depth of medical and trauma conditions as outlined by the National Emergency Medical Service Education Standards (NEMSES) for Paramedics. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14948",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems226",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems226.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000378",
    "code": "EMS241",
    "title": "Paramedic Internship I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces students to live patient assessment and management in the clinical and field setting. Begins a continuum of learning involving live patients that leads to entry-level competence at the paramedic level. Part I of II. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 6 Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14947",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems241",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems241.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000379",
    "code": "EMS246",
    "title": "Paramedic Internship II",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces students to live patient assessment and management in the clinical and field set. Continues the learning experience with live patients that leads to entry-level competence at the paramedic level. Part II of II. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 6 Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000814"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14946",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ems246",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ems246.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000380",
    "code": "EMS247",
    "title": "Paramedic Clinical Experience II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Continues the student experience with live patient assessment and management in the clinical setting. It is the second step in a continuum of learning involving live patients that leads to entry-level competence at the paramedic level. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: Laboratory 3 hours. Total Hours: Total 3 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "code": "EMS248",
    "title": "Paramedic Comprehensive Field Experience",
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    "code": "EMS249",
    "title": "Paramedic Capstone Internship",
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    "hours": 2,
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    "code": "HIM110",
    "title": "Introduction to Human Pathology",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the basic concepts, terminology, etiology, and characteristics of pathological processes.",
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    "code": "HIM130",
    "title": "Healthcare Information Systems",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "HIM141",
    "title": "Fundamentals of Health Information Systems I",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "HIM151",
    "title": "Reimbursement Issues in Medical Practice Management",
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    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces major reimbursement systems in the United States. Focuses on prospective payment systems, managed care, and documentation necessary for appropriate reimbursement. Emphasizes management of practice to avoid fraud.",
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    "code": "HIM230",
    "title": "Information Systems and Technology in Health Care",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores computer technology and system application in health care. Introduces the information systems life cycle.",
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    "code": "HIM253",
    "title": "Health Records Coding",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "-5 Examines the development of coding classification systems. Introduces ICD-9-CM coding classification system, its format and conventions. Stresses basic coding steps and guidelines according to body systems. Provides actual coding exercises in relation to each system covered.",
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    "code": "HIM254",
    "title": "Advanced Coding and Reimbursement",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "-4 Focuses on the applications and evaluation of advanced coding skills through practical exercises using actual healthcare data; while examining the components of DRGs, APCs and APGs and other prospective payment in the healthcare environment. Utilizes current coding standards in identifying payment methodologies, revenue cycle management and reimbursement.",
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    "code": "HIM255",
    "title": "Health Data Classification Systems II: CPT",
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    "hours": 2,
    "description": "-3 Focuses on procedure classification using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT). This system is currently utilized for collecting health data for the purposes of statistical research and financial reporting.",
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    "code": "HIM257",
    "title": "Health Data Classification Systems III",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Integrates and applies knowledge with hands-on skill practice in coding. Reinforces medical terminology, anatomy, and coding guidelines for International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT). Introduces the student to the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) coding guidelines. Promotes critical thinking related to coding quality, fraud, and abuse.",
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    "code": "HLT96",
    "title": "On-Site Training",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Specializes in career orientation and training program without pay in selected businesses and industry, supervised and coordinated by the college. Credit/work ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
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    "code": "HLT100",
    "title": "First Aid and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",
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    "code": "HLT105",
    "title": "Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",
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    "hours": 1,
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    "code": "HLT106",
    "title": "First Aid and Safety",
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    "hours": 2,
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    "code": "HLT110",
    "title": "Concepts of Personal and Community Health",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces students to the basic concepts of health and dimensions of wellness through exploration of a variety of personal health topics. Identifies factors that affect the health status of individuals in addition to health promotion and disease prevention at the personal and community level.",
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    "title": "Substance Abuse: Prevention and Treatment",
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    "description": "Explores the use and abuse of drugs in contemporary society with emphasis upon sociological, physiological, and psychological effects of drugs. Lecture 3 hours. Total 3 hours per week. 3 credits",
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    "code": "HLT143",
    "title": "Medical Terminology I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an understanding of medical abbreviations and terms. Includes the study of prefixes, suffixes, word stems, and technical terms with emphasis on proper spelling, pronunciation, and usage. Emphasizes more complex skills and techniques in understanding medical terminology.",
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    "code": "HLT190",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Supervised on the job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/ practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit.",
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    "code": "HLT204",
    "title": "Women’s Health",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores current issues related to women’s health and wellness with an emphasis upon prevention of disease and optimum well-being. Takes a multi-ethnic approach to exploring the most up-to-date findings, diagnostic tools, and treatments for breast cancer, reproductive tract illness, heart, and other common diseases faced by women from puberty through menopause.",
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    "code": "HLT206",
    "title": "Introduction to Kinesiology",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the study of various forms of physical activity and how they promote human health. Examines the study of physical activity from the perspectives of professional practice, scholarly study and experience. Provides a broad overview of the history, scientific principles, methodologies, and research among the major subdisciplines to prepare students for further study in kinesiology and health sciences. Explores current issues, future directions, certifications, professional associations, and career opportunities.",
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    "code": "HLT220",
    "title": "Concepts of Disease",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Emphasizes general principles, classifications, causes, and treatments of selected disease processes. Intended primarily for students enrolled in health technology programs.",
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    "code": "HLT230",
    "title": "Principles of Nutrition and Human Development",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces students to the basic concepts of nutrition and its impact on personal wellness. Emphasizes an evidence-based approach to various topics, such as the nutrient components of food, the components of a healthy eating pattern, and the relationship between diet and health. Provides a behavioral approach to nutrient guidelines for the development and maintenance of optimum wellness. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency and coherent communication through documented written reports. Lecture 3 hours. Total 3 hours per week. 3 credits",
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    "code": "HLT241",
    "title": "Perspectives in Global Health",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines global health issues and prevention efforts. Analyzes the complex relationship between economics, environment, culture and values in resolving health disparities. Discussion topics include infectious diseases, malnutrition, maternal/child/newborn health, chronic diseases, and emerging infections.",
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    "code": "HLT250",
    "title": "General Pharmacology",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Emphasizes general pharmacology for the health related professions covering general principles of drug actions/reactions, major drug classes, specific agent within each class, and routine mathematical calculations needed to determine desired dosages.",
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      "germanna-000808",
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    "code": "HLT261",
    "title": "Basic Pharmacy I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the basics of general pharmacy, reading prescriptions, symbols, packages, pharmacy calculations. Teaches measuring compounds of drugs, dosage forms, drug laws, and drug classifications.",
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    "code": "HLT262",
    "title": "Basic Pharmacy II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the basics of general pharmacy, reading prescriptions, symbols, packages, pharmacy calculations. Teaches measuring compounds of drugs, dosage forms, drug laws, and drug classifications.",
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      "germanna-000817"
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    "code": "HLT263",
    "title": "Basic Pharmacy I Lab",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Provides practical experience to supplement instruction in HLT 261 . Should be taken concurrently with HLT 261 , in appropriate curricula, as identified by the college. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours per week.",
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      "germanna-000817"
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    "code": "HLT290",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000817"
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    "code": "PTH227",
    "title": "Pathological Conditions",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Presents specific pathologic conditions commonly seen in physical therapy. Emphasizes musculoskeletal and neurological system conditions, and all major body systems are represented including the impact of systemic conditions on physical therapy interventions.",
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    "code": "HCT101",
    "title": "Health Care Technician I",
    "credits": 4,
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    "prerequisites": [
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    "id": "germanna-000412",
    "code": "HCT102",
    "title": "Health Care Technician II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Applies theory through Laboratory experience for healthcare technicians to work in home health, long and short term facilities.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "id": "germanna-000413",
    "code": "HCT115",
    "title": "Medication Administration Training",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Prepares students to safely administer, or to assist in client self administration of medications in specific settings. Includes practice. Meets curriculum requirements of the State Board of Nursing. Successfully completed an approved nurse aide or patient care technician education program. A student seeking enrollment in a medication aide training program shall have successfully completed an approved nurse aide education and patient care technician education program.",
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    "code": "HCT119",
    "title": "Advanced Health Care Technician",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Applies advanced theory through practical experience for healthcare technicians in home health, long and short term health care facilities. Teaches care of clients with emphasis on charting infection control, activities, nutrition, speech and physical therapy.",
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    "id": "germanna-000415",
    "code": "HCT195",
    "title": "Topics in HCT: Patient Care Assistant/Home Health Aide",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches fundamental principles of patient care with laboratory experience in foods and fluids, elimination, moving patients, morning, afternoon and evening care, care of hospital equipment, means of providing special comforts and safety, infection control, home management, and simple first aid. Emphasizes caring for older patients, includes observing, reporting, infection control, safety, anatomy and physiology, nutrition, personal care.",
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    "code": "HVE161",
    "title": "Heavy Equipment Operation I",
    "credits": 7,
    "hours": 7,
    "description": "Concentrates on supervised operation of heavy terrain equipment. Emphasizes student command of the various controls and respect for the capabilities and dangers inherent in the operation of the machines. Part I of II.",
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      "germanna-000757"
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    "code": "HVE195",
    "title": "Topics In Heavy Equipment Operator II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used also for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit.",
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      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
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    "code": "HIS101",
    "title": "Western Civilizations Pre-1600 CE",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the development of western civilization from ancient times to 1600 CE.",
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    "code": "HIS102",
    "title": "Western Civilizations Post-1600 CE",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the development of western civilization from 1600 CE to the present.",
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    "code": "HIS111",
    "title": "World Civilizations Pre-1500CE",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history of Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe from antiquity to approximately 1500. This is a Passport Transfer course.",
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    "code": "HIS112",
    "title": "World Civilizations Post-1500CE",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas from approximately 1500 CE through the present. This is a Passport Transfer course.",
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    "code": "HIS121",
    "title": "United States History to 1877",
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    "hours": 3,
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      "germanna-000802",
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    "code": "HIS122",
    "title": "United States History since 1865",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the history of the United States from 1865 to present. Includes major political, social and economic developments since 1865, overseas expansion, the two world wars, the Cold War and the post-Cold War era. This is a Passport Transfer course.",
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    "code": "HIS125",
    "title": "History of the American Indian",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the history and culture of the native peoples of the Americas.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14787",
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    "code": "HIS126",
    "title": "Women in World History",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the role of women and attitudes toward women from ancient times to the present.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16231",
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    "code": "HIS127",
    "title": "Women in American History",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the role of women and attitudes toward women in American society from colonial times to present.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14852",
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    "code": "HIS141",
    "title": "African American History I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history of African Americans from their African origins to 1876.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15194",
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    "code": "HIS142",
    "title": "African American History II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history of black Americans from their African origins to the present. Part II of II.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15195",
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    "code": "HIS155",
    "title": "Life in Colonial Virginia",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies life in Virginia before the American Revolution, including politics, economics, customs, culture, and the slave plantation system.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14429",
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    "code": "HIS203",
    "title": "History of African Civilizations",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines major social, economic, political and religious developments across the African continent from earliest times to the present. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency and coherent communication through written reports.",
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    "program_ids": [
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14430",
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    "code": "HIS204",
    "title": "History of African Civilizations II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines major social, economic, political and religious developments from earliest times to the present. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14431",
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    "code": "HIS211",
    "title": "History of England",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history of the British Isles from pre-Celtic times to the present.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14432",
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    "code": "HIS225",
    "title": "Topics in European History I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines selected topics in the history of Europe from ancient times to the present. Part I of II.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14433",
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    "code": "HIS226",
    "title": "Topics in European History II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines selected topics in the history of Europe from ancient times to the present. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14434",
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    "code": "HIS253",
    "title": "History of Asian Civilizations I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the civilizations of Asia from their origins to the present. Part I of II.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14435",
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    "id": "germanna-000436",
    "code": "HIS254",
    "title": "History of Asian Civilizations II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the civilizations of Asia from their origins to the present. Part II of II.",
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    "id": "germanna-000437",
    "code": "HIS262",
    "title": "United States History in Film",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines selected topics in the United States history which shaped the American experience, presented in film.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14437",
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    "code": "HIS266",
    "title": "Military History of the Civil War",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Analyzes military campaigns of the Civil War, including factors contributing to the defeat of the Confederacy and problems created by the war. May include field trips to Civil War sites in the region.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14438",
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    "code": "HIS267",
    "title": "The Second World War",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines causes and consequences of the Second World War. Includes the rise of totalitarianism, American neutrality, military developments, the home fronts, diplomacy, and the decision to use the atomic bomb.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14439",
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    "code": "HIS268",
    "title": "The American Constitution",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Analyzes the origin and development of the United States Constitution. Includes the evolution of civil liberties, property rights, contracts, due process, judicial review, federal-state relationships, and corporate government relations.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14440",
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    "id": "germanna-000441",
    "code": "HIS269",
    "title": "Civil War and Reconstruction",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies factors that led to the division between the states. Examines the war, the home fronts, and the era of Reconstruction.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14441",
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    "code": "HIS276",
    "title": "United States History since World War II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Investigates United States history from 1945 to the present, studying both domestic developments and American involvement in international affairs.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14442",
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    "code": "HIS277",
    "title": "The American Experience in Vietnam",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Analyzes American involvement in Vietnam from World War II with emphasis on the presidencies of Johnson, Nixon and Ford.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14443",
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    "code": "HIS279",
    "title": "Age of the American Revolution",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the factors that led to the separation of the American colonies from Great Britain. The course covers the events leading to the Revolutionary War, the problems faced by the revolutionary government in fighting the war, the war itself, and the postwar events leading to the adoption of the United States Constitution.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14786",
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    "code": "HIS281",
    "title": "History of Virginia",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the cultural, economic, political, and religious history of Virginia from pre-contact to the present. Includes diverse perspectives to emphasize the significant contributions different groups of people (African Americans, Indigenous Peoples, European-Americans, Women) made to the history of Virginia, the colonies, and the United States.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15193",
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    "id": "germanna-000446",
    "code": "HRI154",
    "title": "Principles of Hospitality Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents basic understanding of the hospitality industry by tracing the industry’s growth and development, reviewing the organization and management of lodging, food, and beverage operations, and focusing on industry opportunities and future trends.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16242",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/hri154.md"
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    "code": "HUM111",
    "title": "Great Books I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces selected great works of philosophy and literature, with emphasis on close analysis of the text.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14445",
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    "code": "HUM112",
    "title": "Great Books II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces selected great works of philosophy and literature, with emphasis on close analysis of the text.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14446",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/hum112",
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    "code": "HUM165",
    "title": "Controversial Issues in Contemporary American Culture",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces students to selected issues in contemporary American culture. Includes topic areas ranging from welfare reform, economic development, privacy, environmental protection and conservation, evolution vs. creation, to family values, and special interest lobbying in our state and national governments. Focuses on the development of the student’s critical thinking skills by analyzing, evaluating, and reflecting on opposing sides of the same issue as expressed by public leaders, special interest groups and academicians.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14447",
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    "code": "HUM201",
    "title": "Early Humanities",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the values and expression of ideas of selected western and non-western cultures from prehistory up to the 1300s, integrating the arts, literature, religion, and philosophy within the context of history. The assignments in this course require college level reading, analysis of scholarly studies, and coherent communication through properly cited and formatted written reports.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000777",
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      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "code": "HUM202",
    "title": "Modern Humanities",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the values and expression of ideas of selected western and non-western cultures from the 1300s until 1900s, integrating the visual arts, literature, religion, music and philosophy within the context of history. The assignments in the course require college-level reading and analysis of scholarly studies and coherent communication through written reports including the production of at least one college citation-formatted individual writing assignment.",
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    "code": "HUM210",
    "title": "Introduction to Women and Gender Studies",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "HUM211",
    "title": "Survey of American Culture I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines elements of our national culture as they evolved from the first European explorations through colonization and independence to the present day.",
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    "code": "HUM212",
    "title": "Survey of American Culture II",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines elements of our national culture as they evolved from the first European explorations through colonization and independence to the present day.",
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    "code": "HUM216",
    "title": "Introduction to Non-Western Cultures",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces students to beliefs, historical developments, and forms of creative expression that have shaped cultures in regions outside Europe and North America (non-western). Studies the cultures, values, creative expressions, and historical development of selected non-western regions of the world: Asia, Africa, Middle East, Oceania, or the Pre-Columbian Americas. The assignments in this course require college-level reading, analysis of scholarly studies, and coherent communication through properly cited and formatted written reports.",
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    "code": "HUM220",
    "title": "Introduction to African-American Studies",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "HUM256",
    "title": "Comparative Mythology",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the cultural expressions of mythology. Considers selected mythologies representing diverse global culture, with emphasis on parallels and divergences in structure, purpose, and representation in literature and the arts. The assignments in the course require college-level reading and analysis of scholarly studies and coherent communication through written reports including the production of at least one college citation-formatted individual writing assignment.",
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    "code": "HUM259",
    "title": "The Greek and Roman Tradition",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "HUM260",
    "title": "Contemporary Humanities",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ITA101",
    "title": "Beginning Italian I",
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    "hours": 4,
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    "code": "ITA102",
    "title": "Beginning Italian II",
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    "code": "ITA201",
    "title": "Intermediate Italian I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues development of skills of understanding, speaking, reading and writing of Italian. Classes conducted in Italian. Part I of II.",
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    "code": "ITA202",
    "title": "Intermediate Italian I",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "IND101",
    "title": "Quality Assurance Technology I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies principles and techniques of quality engineering for the management, design engineering economics, production, and assurance of quality. Emphasizes fundamentals of Total quality assurance for product and process control. May include design review, fundamentals of statistics procurement control, sampling and control chart systems, quality reporting, process capability analysis, tool and gauge control, document control, or troubleshooting quality control.",
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    "code": "IND137",
    "title": "Team Concepts and Problem Solving",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies team concepts and problem solving techniques to assist project teams in improving quality and productivity. Provides knowledge of how to work as a team, plan and conduct good meetings, manage logistics and details, gather useful data, communicate the results and implement changes.",
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    "code": "IND193",
    "title": "Studies In Slurry Surfacing & Surface Treatment",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Covers new content not covered in existing courses in the discipline. Allows instructor to explore content and instructional methods to assess the course’s viability as a permanent offering.",
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    "code": "IND195",
    "title": "Topics In Asphalt Mix Design",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used also for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit.",
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    "code": "IND295",
    "title": "Topics In Industrial Engineering Technology",
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    "hours": null,
    "description": "This course prepares students to meet the technical skills and knowledge required by the Manufacturing Technician 1 (MT1) certification, an industry-recognized credential that validates fundamental competencies in manufacturing processes, production, and quality control. Students will engage in hands-on lab activities that reinforce skills in measurement, blueprint reading, machine operations, quality inspections, and troubleshooting. Co-requisite(s) Corequisites: ETR 113 , MEC 113 , CAD 201",
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    "code": "ITD110",
    "title": "Web Page Design I",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Stresses a working knowledge of web site designs, construction, and management using HTML or XHTML. Includes headings, lists, links, images, image maps, tables, forms, and frames.",
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    "code": "ITD130",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the student to Relational Database and Relational Database theory. Includes planning, defining and using a database; table design, linking, and normalization; types of databases, database description and definition.",
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    "code": "ITD132",
    "title": "Structured Query Language",
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    "code": "ITD136",
    "title": "Database Management Software",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers an introduction to relational database theory and how to administer and query databases using multiple commercial database systems.",
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    "code": "ITD140",
    "title": "Machine Learning I",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ITD145",
    "title": "Applied Data Science Techniques",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Reviews the fundamentals of descriptive and inferential statistics, probability, and distributions, as well as basic dataset manipulation and plotting techniques. Focuses on application to real datasets using graphical user interface (GUI) software tools as well as Python.",
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    "code": "ITD210",
    "title": "Web Page Design II",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ITD220",
    "title": "e-commerce Administration",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "ITD245",
    "title": "Advanced Applied Data ScienceTechniques",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys Big Data and data analytics, including demonstrations and applications of widely used tools and methods. Offers practice in data extraction and visualization.",
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    "code": "ITD256",
    "title": "Advanced Data Management",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses in-depth instruction in the handling of critical tasks of planning and implementing large databases. Includes an introduction to concepts of advanced data warehousing and database configuration.",
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    "code": "ITE100",
    "title": "Introduction to Information Systems",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers the fundamentals of computers and computing and topics which include impact of computers on society, ethical issues, and terminology. Provides discussion about available hardware and software as well as their application.",
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    "code": "ITE135",
    "title": "Artificial Intelligence Awareness",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction in the basics of artificial intelligence (AI) including the complexities of AI, machine and deep learning, and neural networks. Provides students with a clear understanding of history, terminology, concepts, and mechanisms driving AI technologies. Explores how AI is applied in various occupational fields through a blend of theoretical knowledge and case studies.",
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    "code": "ITE152",
    "title": "Introduction to Digital and Information Literacy and Computer Applications",
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    "hours": 3,
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      "germanna-000837"
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    "code": "ITE153",
    "title": "Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Governance",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores ethical considerations surrounding the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Examines ethical theories, privacy concerns, biases, human rights implications, transparency challenges, governance frameworks and anticipated ethical issues emerging with advancing AI capabilities. Utilizes case studies to introduce students to ethically responsible practices and strategies for addressing ethical dilemmas in the rapidly evolving field of AI.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15184",
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    "code": "ITE160",
    "title": "Introduction to e-Commerce",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the culture and demographics of the Internet, on-line business strategies and the hardware and software tools necessary for Internet commerce. Includes the identification of appropriate target segments, the development of product opportunities, pricing structures, distribution channels over the Internet, and the execution of marketing strategy in computer- mediated environments. Presents case histories of successful Web applications.",
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      "germanna-000792"
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    "code": "ITE180",
    "title": "Help Desk Support Skills",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "ITE 180: Desk Support Skills ITE 180: Desk Support Skills Emphasizes instruction in customer support techniques required for analyzing and coordinating software and hardware solutions for end-user needs. Includes evaluation and communication techniques required to provide desk support necessary to transfer knowledge and enable implementation of a solution.",
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      "germanna-000786"
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    "id": "germanna-000485",
    "code": "ITE221",
    "title": "PC Hardware and OS Architecture",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers instruction about processors, internal functions, peripheral devices, computer organization, memory management, architecture, instruction format, and basic OS architecture.",
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      "germanna-000784"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14474",
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    "code": "ITN100",
    "title": "Introduction to Telecommunications",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys data transmission systems, communication lines, data sets, network, modes of transmission, protocols, and interfacing. Emphasizes network structure and operation.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14475",
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    "code": "ITN101",
    "title": "Introduction to Network Concepts",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction in networking media, physical and logical topologies, common networking standards and popular networking protocols. Emphasizes the TCP/IP protocol suite and related IP addressing schemes, including CIDR. Includes selected topics in network implementation, support and LAN/WAN connectivity.",
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    "id": "germanna-000486",
    "code": "ITN106",
    "title": "Microcomputer Operating Systems",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches use of operating system utilities and multiple- level directory structures, creation of batch files, and configuration of microcomputer environments. May include a study of graphical user interfaces.",
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      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000790"
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    "code": "ITN107",
    "title": "PC Hardware and Troubleshooting",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Includes specially designed instruction to give a student a basic knowledge of hardware and software configurations. Includes the installation of various peripheral devices as well as a basic system hardware components.",
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      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000790"
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    "id": "germanna-000488",
    "code": "ITN113",
    "title": "Active Directory",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers planning, installation, configuration, administration, management, maintenance, monitoring, and troubleshooting of Active Directory (AD) and Domain Name Service (DNS) in a networked environment.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000785"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14898",
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    "code": "ITN124",
    "title": "Wireless Network Administration (WNA)",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Incorporates instruction in the fundamentals of radio frequency and spread spectrum technology and wireless networking systems implementation and design. Includes radio frequency and spread spectrum concepts, 802.11 standards and regulations, wireless network architecture, topology, software, equipment, OSI Model, site surveys, security features, and the design and implementation of wireless network solutions.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14479",
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    "code": "ITN154",
    "title": "Networking Fundamentals -Cisco",
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    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides instruction in the fundamentals of networking environments, the basics of router operations, and basic router configurations.",
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      "germanna-000785",
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    "code": "ITN155",
    "title": "Switching, Wireless, and WAN Technologies (ICND2) - Cisco",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides the skills and knowledge to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small-to-medium sized branch office enterprise network, including configuring several switches and routers, configuring wireless devices, configuring VLANS, connecting to a WAN, and implementing network security. Total Hours: 4",
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      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000787",
      "germanna-000793"
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    "code": "ITN156",
    "title": "Basic Switching and Routing - Cisco",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Centers instruction in LAN segmentation using bridges, routers, and switches. Includes fast Ethernet, access lists, routing protocols, spanning tree protocol, virtual LANS and network management.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITN155"
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000787"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14482",
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    "code": "ITN170",
    "title": "Linux System Administration",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses instruction on the installation, configuration and administration of the Linux operating system and emphasizes the use of Linux as a network client and workstation.",
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      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000790"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14484",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000494",
    "code": "ITN171",
    "title": "Unix 1",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an introduction to UNIX operating systems. Teaches login procedures, file creation, UNIX file structure, input/output control, and the UNIX shell.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000790"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14485",
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    "id": "germanna-000497",
    "code": "ITN213",
    "title": "Information Storage and Management",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Focuses on advanced storage systems, protocol, and architectures including Storage Area Networks (SAN), Network Attached Storage (NAS), Fibre Channel Networks, Internet Protocol SANs (IPSAN), iSCSI, and Content Addressable Storage (CAS).",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000786"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14714",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn213",
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    "id": "germanna-000498",
    "code": "ITN254",
    "title": "Virtual Infrastructure: Installation and Configuration",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores concepts and capabilities of virtual architecture with a focus on the installation, configuration, and management of a virtual infrastructure, ESX Server, and Virtual Center. Covers fundamentals of virtual network design and implementation, fundamentals of storage area networks, virtual switching, virtual system management, and engineering for high availability.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000786"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14715",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn254",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn254.md"
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    "id": "germanna-000499",
    "code": "ITN257",
    "title": "Cloud Computing: Infrastructure and Services",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on cloud infrastructure, deployment, security models, and the key considerations in migrating to cloud computing. Covers the technologies and processes required to build traditional, virtualized, and cloud data center environments, including computation, storage, networking, desktop and application virtualization, business continuity, security, and management.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000786"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14716",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn257",
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    "id": "germanna-000500",
    "code": "ITN260",
    "title": "Network Security Basics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction in the basics of network security in depth. Includes security",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
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      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000789",
      "germanna-000790",
      "germanna-000793"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14488",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn260",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn260.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000501",
    "code": "ITN261",
    "title": "Network Attacks, Computer Crimes and Hacking",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Encompasses in-depth exploration of various methods for attacking and defending a network. Explores network security concepts from the viewpoint of hackers and their attack methodologies. Includes topics about hackers, attacks, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), malicious code, computer crime and industrial espionage. Total Hours: 4",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITN260"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000789"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14489",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn261",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn261.md"
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    "id": "germanna-000502",
    "code": "ITN262",
    "title": "Network Communication, Security and Authentication",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers an in-depth exploration of various communication protocols with a concentration on TCP/IP. Explores communication protocols from the point of view of the hacker in order to highlight protocol weaknesses. Includes Internet architecture, routing, addressing, topology, fragmentation and protocol analysis, and the use of various utilities to explore TCP/IP.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITN260"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000789",
      "germanna-000793"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14490",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn262",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn262.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000503",
    "code": "ITN263",
    "title": "Internet/Intranet Firewalls and E Commerce Security",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Gives an in-depth exploration of firewalls, Web security, and e-commerce security. Explores firewall concepts, types, topology and the firewall’s relationship to the TCP/IP protocol. Includes client/server architecture, the Web server, HTML, and HTTP in relation to Web security, and digital certification D.509, and public key infrastructure (PKI). Total Hours: 4",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITN260"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000789",
      "germanna-000790"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14491",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn263",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn263.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000504",
    "code": "ITN266",
    "title": "Network Security Layers",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an in-depth exploration of various security layers needed to protect the network. Explores Network Security from the viewpoint of the environment in which the network operates and the necessity to secure that environment to lower the security risk to the network. Includes physical security, personnel security, operating system security, software security and database security.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14492",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn266",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn266.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000505",
    "code": "ITN267",
    "title": "Legal Topics in Network Security",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Conveys an in-depth exploration of the civil and common law issues that apply to network security. Explores statutes, jurisdictional, and constitutional issues related to computer crimes and privacy. Includes rules of evidence, seizure and evidence handling, court presentation and computer privacy in the digital age.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000789"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14493",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn267",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn267.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000506",
    "code": "ITN276",
    "title": "Computer Forensics I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Teaches computer forensic investigation techniques for collecting computer-related evidence at the physical layer from a variety of digital media (hard drives, compact flash and PDAs) and performing analysis at the file system layer. Total Hours: 4 Credit will be given to ITN 275 or ITN 276 and ITN 277, but not all three courses.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITN260"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000789"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14494",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn276",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn276.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000507",
    "code": "ITN277",
    "title": "Computer Forensics II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "-4 Develops skills in the forensic extraction of computer evidence at a logical level using a variety of operating systems and applications (i.e., e-mail) and learn techniques for recovering data from virtual memory, temporary Internet files, and intentionally hidden files.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14495",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn277",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn277.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000508",
    "code": "ITN290",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/ practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000790"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14496",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn290",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn290.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000509",
    "code": "ITN295",
    "title": "Topics In Networking",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "-4 Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours. 3-4 credits.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000789"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14497",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itn295",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itn295.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000510",
    "code": "ITP100",
    "title": "Software Design",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces principles and practices of software development. Includes instruction in critical thinking, problem solving skills, and essential programming logic in structured and object-oriented design using contemporary tools.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000790",
      "germanna-000791",
      "germanna-000792",
      "germanna-000793"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14498",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itp100",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itp100.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000511",
    "code": "ITP120",
    "title": "Java Programming I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Entails instruction in fundamentals of object-oriented programming using Java. Emphasizes program construction, algorithm development, coding, debugging, and documentation of console and graphical user interface applications. Total Hours: 3",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITP100",
      "CSC221"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14499",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itp120",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itp120.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000512",
    "code": "ITP140",
    "title": "Client Side Scripting",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction in fundamentals of Internet application design, development, and deployment using client side scripting language(s). Total Hours: 3",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ITP100"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000791"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14500",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/itp140",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/itp140.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000513",
    "code": "ITP251",
    "title": "Systems Analysis and Design",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on application of information technologies (IT) to system life cycle methodology, systems analysis, systems design, and system implementation practices. Covers methodologies related to identification of information requirements, feasibility in the areas of economic, technical and social requirements, and related issues are included in course content. Software applications may be used to enhance student skills. Total Hours: 3",
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      "ITP100"
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      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14501",
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    "id": "germanna-000514",
    "code": "ITP258",
    "title": "Systems Development Project",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction in application of life cycle system development methodologies using a case study which incorporates feasibility study system analysis, system design, program specification, and implementation planning. Course project assignment(s) will have students perform as members of system development teams.",
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      "ITN101",
      "ITP120",
      "ITP251"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14502",
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    "id": "germanna-000515",
    "code": "ITP290",
    "title": "Coordinated Internship",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the college. Credit/ practice ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786"
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    "code": "JPN101",
    "title": "Beginning Japanese I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14504",
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    "id": "germanna-000517",
    "code": "JPN102",
    "title": "Beginning Japanese II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Develops the understanding, speaking, reading, and writing of Japanese, and emphasizes the structure of the language. May include one additional hour of oral practice per week. Part II of II.",
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    "id": "germanna-000518",
    "code": "JPN201",
    "title": "Intermediate Japanese I",
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    "hours": 4,
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    "id": "germanna-000519",
    "code": "JPN202",
    "title": "Intermediate Japanese II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Continues the development of the skills of understanding, speaking, reading, and writing of Japanese. Classes conducted in Japanese. May include one additional hour of oral practice per week. Part II of II.",
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    "code": "LAT101",
    "title": "Beginning Latin I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces cultural awareness, listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills and emphasizes basic sentence structure. Part I of II. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14903",
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    "id": "germanna-000521",
    "code": "LAT102",
    "title": "Beginning Latin II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces cultural awareness, listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills and emphasizes basic sentence structure. Part II of II. This is a UCGS. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14901",
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    "id": "germanna-000522",
    "code": "LAT201",
    "title": "Intermediate Latin I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop cultural awareness, listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, and introduces complex sentence structures. Classes may be conducted in target language. Part I of II. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14902",
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    "code": "LAT202",
    "title": "Intermediate Latin II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop cultural awareness, listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, and emphasizes complex sentence structures. Classes may be conducted in the target language. Part II of II. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14904",
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    "code": "LGL110",
    "title": "Introduction to Law and the Legal Assistant",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces various areas of law in which a legal assistant may be employed. Includes study of the court system (Virginia and federal) as well as a brief overview of criminal law, torts, domestic relations, evidence, ethics, and the role of the legal assistant, and other areas of interest.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14508",
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    "id": "germanna-000525",
    "code": "LGL117",
    "title": "Family Law",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies elements of a valid marriage, grounds for divorce and annulment, separation, defenses, custody, support, adoptions, and applicable tax consequences. Includes property settlement, pre-nuptial and ante-nuptial agreements, pleadings, and rules of procedure. May include specific federal and Virginia consumer laws.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG111"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14509",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000526",
    "code": "LGL125",
    "title": "Legal Research",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an understanding of various components of a law library, and emphasizes research skills through the use of digests, encyclopedias, reporter systems, codes, Sheppard’s Citations, ALR and other research tools. May include overview of computer applications and writing projects.",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000527",
    "code": "LGL126",
    "title": "Legal Writing",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "prerequisites": [
      "BUS236"
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    "id": "germanna-000528",
    "code": "LGL200",
    "title": "Ethics for the Legal Assistant",
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    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Examines general principles of ethical conduct applicable to legal assistants. Includes the application of rules of ethics to the practicing legal assistant.",
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    "code": "LGL210",
    "title": "Virginia and Federal Procedure",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the rules of procedure in Virginia and federal court systems, including the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Rules of Practice and Procedure in the District Court, Circuit Court, Court of Appeals, and Supreme Court of Virginia.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14513",
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    "id": "germanna-000530",
    "code": "LGL216",
    "title": "Trial Preparation and Discovery Practice",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the trial process, including the preparation of a trial notebook, pretrial motions, and orders. May include preparation of interrogatories, depositions, and other discovery tools used in assembling evidence in preparation for the trial or an administrative hearing.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14514",
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    "id": "germanna-000531",
    "code": "LGL217",
    "title": "Trial Practice and the Law of Evidence",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces civil and criminal evidence, including kinds, degrees and admissibility of evidence. Studies methods and techniques of evidence acquisition. Emphasizes Virginia and federal rules of evidence. Focuses on the elements and various problems associated with the trial of a civil or criminal case.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14515",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/lgl217.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000532",
    "code": "LGL230",
    "title": "Legal Transactions",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents an in-depth study of general contract law, including formation, breach, enforcement, and remedies. May include an overview of UCC sales, commercial paper, and collections.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14516",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000533",
    "code": "LGL235",
    "title": "Legal Aspects of Business Organizations",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies fundamental principles of agency law and the formation of business organizations. Includes sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporation, limited liability companies, and other business entities. Reviews preparation of the documents necessary for the organization and operation of businesses.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14517",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000534",
    "code": "MAC111",
    "title": "Machine Trade Theory and Computation I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers shop theory and mathematics dealing with fractional and precision measuring tools. Includes layout, bandsaws, drill presses, the twist drill, thread cutting, taper turning, vertical and horizontal milling machines, lathe tool bit geometry, the engine lathe, and other lathe operations. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000758"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14929",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/mac111",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000535",
    "code": "MAC121",
    "title": "Numerical Control I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on numerical control techniques in metal forming and machine processes. Includes theory and practice in lathe and milling machine computer numerical control program writing, setup and operation. Part I of II.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000758"
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    "id": "germanna-000536",
    "code": "MAC122",
    "title": "Numerical Control II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on numerical control techniques in metal forming and machine processes. Includes theory and practice in lathe and milling machine computer numerical control program writing, setup and operation. Part II of II.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000758"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14931",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/mac122",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/mac122.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000537",
    "code": "MAC126",
    "title": "Introductory CNC Programming",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces programming of computerized numerical control machines with hands-on programming and operation of CNC machines.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000758"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14932",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000538",
    "code": "MAC131",
    "title": "Machine Lab I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches fundamental machine shop operations, bench work, layout, measuring tools, and safety.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14518",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000539",
    "code": "MAC132",
    "title": "Machine Lab II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches fundamental machine shop operations, bench work, layout, measuring tools, and safety.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14519",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000540",
    "code": "MAC161",
    "title": "Machine Shop Practices I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces safety procedures, bench work, hand tools, precision measuring instruments, drill presses, cut-off saws, engine lathes, manual surface grinders, and milling machines. Part I of II.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000758"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14520",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000541",
    "code": "MAC209",
    "title": "Standards, Measurements and Calculations",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "-3 Presents typical mathematical and mechanical problems requiring the use of reference standards such as the Machinery’s Handbook for solution. Presents use of the Coordinate Measuring Machine for solution.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14521",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000542",
    "code": "MKT201",
    "title": "Introduction to Marketing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces students to the discipline of marketing and the need to create customer value and relationships in the marketplace. Presents an overview of the marketing principles and management strategies, along with the analytical tools used by organizations in the creation of a marketing plan.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000772",
      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000791",
      "germanna-000792",
      "germanna-000794"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14891",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/mkt201",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/mkt201.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000543",
    "code": "MKT215",
    "title": "Sales and Marketing Management",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Emphasizes the relationship of professional sales skills and marketing management techniques. Demonstrates the use of the Internet to enhance marketing. Studies legal and ethical considerations.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14788",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/mkt215",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000544",
    "code": "MKT284",
    "title": "Social Media Marketing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the use of social networks and online communities such as blogs, wikis, virtual events that allow companies to expand their interation with customers and develop relationships with collaborative communities. Emphasizes the ongoing transformation of the way companies adjust their marketing plans to imporve interation with customers online. Total Hours: 3",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MKT100",
      "MKT201"
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14710",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000545",
    "code": "MDE10",
    "title": "Introduction to Algebra",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers topics in arithmetic through introduction to variables and equations. Prepares students for enrollment into MDE 60 , MTH 101-133 or direct enrollment into MTH 154 or MTH 155 with",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000818",
      "germanna-000819",
      "germanna-000836",
      "germanna-000838"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14729",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/mde10",
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    "id": "germanna-000546",
    "code": "MDE54",
    "title": "Learning Support for Quantitative Reasoning",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides support to ensure success for students co-enrolled in Quantitative Reasoning ( MTH 154 ). Course will review foundational topics through direct instruction, guided practice, and individualized support. Co-requisite(s) MTH 154",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14730",
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    "id": "germanna-000547",
    "code": "MDE55",
    "title": "Learning Support for Statistical Reasoning",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides support to ensure success for students co-enrolled in Statistical Reasoning ( MTH 155 ). Course will review foundational topics through direct instruction, guided practice, and individualized support. Co-requisite(s) MTH 155",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14731",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000548",
    "code": "MDE60",
    "title": "Intermediate Algebra",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers topics in algebra. Prepares students for enrollment into MTH 161 or MTH 167 .",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000837"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14732",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/mde60",
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    "id": "germanna-000549",
    "code": "MDE61",
    "title": "Learning Support for Pre-Calculus",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides support to ensure success for students co-enrolled in Pre-Calculus ( MTH 161 ). Course will review foundational topics through direct instruction, guided practice, and individualized support. Co-requisite(s) MTH 161",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "code": "MTH111",
    "title": "Basic Technical Mathematics",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "title": "Fundamentals of Reasoning",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents algebra through unit conversion, trigonometry, vectors, geometry, and complex numbers. This course is intended for CTE programs.",
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    "code": "MTH154",
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    "hours": 3,
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      "germanna-000797",
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    "hours": 3,
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      "germanna-000827",
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      "germanna-000829"
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    "code": "MTH162",
    "title": "Precalculus II",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "hours": 5,
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    "code": "MTH245",
    "title": "Statistics I",
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    "code": "MTH246",
    "title": "Statistics II",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "To serve as a second course in statistics that focuses on multivariate and nonparametric techniques useful to business, science, and social science majors.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "program_ids": [
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    "code": "MTH261",
    "title": "Applied Calculus I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces limits, continuity, differentiation and integration of algebraic, exponential and logarithmic functions, and techniques of integration with an emphasis on applications in business, social sciences, and life sciences.This is a Passport Transfer Course.",
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    "code": "MTH263",
    "title": "Calculus I",
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    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Presents concepts of limits, derivatives, differentiation of various types of functions and use of differentiation rules, application of differentiation, antiderivatives, integrals and applications of integration. This is a Passport Transfer Course.",
    "prerequisites": [
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      "MTH161",
      "MTH162"
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000835"
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    "code": "MTH264",
    "title": "Calculus II",
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    "hours": 4,
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      "germanna-000831",
      "germanna-000832",
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    "code": "MTH265",
    "title": "Calculus III",
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    "hours": 4,
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    "prerequisites": [
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    ],
    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000824",
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      "germanna-000832",
      "germanna-000833",
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      "germanna-000835"
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    "code": "MTH266",
    "title": "Linear Algebra",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Covers matrices, vector spaces, determinants, solutions of systems of linear equations, basis and dimension, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors. Features instruction for mathematical, physical, and engineering science programs.",
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      "MTH264"
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    "program_ids": [
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    "code": "MTH267",
    "title": "Differential Equations",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces ordinary differential equations. Includes first order differential equations, second and higher order ordinary differential equations with applications, and numerical methods.",
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    "id": "germanna-000566",
    "code": "MTH288",
    "title": "Discrete Mathematics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents topics in sets, counting, graphs, logic, proofs, functions, relations, mathematical induction, Boolean Algebra, and recurrence relations.",
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    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000824",
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    "code": "MTH299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Capstone Presentation: Assigns a project for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor.",
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      "germanna-000824"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14751",
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    "code": "MEC113",
    "title": "Materials and Processes of Industry",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000838"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14821",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000569",
    "code": "MEC140",
    "title": "Introduction to Mechatronics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents foundational concepts in mechatronics including analog and digital electronics, sensors, actuators, microprocessors, and microprocessor interfacing to electromechanical systems. Surveys components and measurement equipment used in the design, installation, and repair of mechatronic equipment and circuits.",
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      "germanna-000836"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14966",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000570",
    "code": "MEC154",
    "title": "Mechanical Maintenance I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an overview of basic maintenance techniques and processes for industrial mechanics and technicians who are installing and maintaining industrial mechanical and power transmission components.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000759"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14553",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/mec154.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000571",
    "code": "MEC161",
    "title": "Basic Fluid Mechanics - Hydraulics/Pneumatics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces theory, operation and maintenance of hydraulic/ pneumatics devices and systems. Emphasizes the properties of fluids, fluid flow, fluid statics, and the application of Bernouli’s equation.",
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      "germanna-000759"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14554",
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  {
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    "code": "MEC162",
    "title": "Applied Hydraulics and Pneumatics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces hydraulic and pneumatic systems found in construction equipment, road vehicles, and farm equipment. Includes the basic theory, construction, maintenance and repair of hydraulic and pneumatic power systems.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000836"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14555",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000573",
    "code": "MEC165",
    "title": "Applied Hydraulics, Pneumatics, and Hydrostatics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches fluid power system design, operation, testing, maintenance and repair. Includes reservoirs, pump connecting valves, cylinders, pressure regulating valves, flow control valves, hydraulic motors, and introduction to basic hydrostatic hydraulic systems.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14556",
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    "id": "germanna-000574",
    "code": "MEC253",
    "title": "Preventative and Predictive Maintenance",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the concepts of preventative and predictive maintenance needed to increase machine up-time and reliability, product quality, and plant productivity. Prerequisite(s): IND XXX",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=15187",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/mec253.md"
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    "code": "MEC265",
    "title": "Fluid Mechanics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies properties of fluids and fluid flow, Bernouli’s theorem, measuring devices, viscosity and dimensional analysis. Emphasizes fluid statics, flow in pipes and channels, and pumps.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14557",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/mec265.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000576",
    "code": "MUS101",
    "title": "Fundamentals of Music",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides the ability to read and identify basic fundamentals of music notation. Teaches major and minor scales, chords and basic harmonic progressions. Covers basic ear training and keyboard exercises.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
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      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000577",
    "code": "MUS102",
    "title": "Basic Musicianship II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides exercises leading to knowledge and skill in the rudiments of music. Includes rhythmic notation as well as scales, keys, and intervals along with exercises in sight reading and ear training. Courses do not have to be taken in sequence.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14559",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000578",
    "code": "MUS121",
    "title": "Music in Society",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Explores the language of music through an introduction to basic elements, forms and styles across time. Acquaints students with composers’ lives and influential creative individualities, discovering representative works and milestones in western society. Develops techniques for listening analytically and critically. Reviews historical development and significance of art music within the context of evolving societal structures.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000579",
    "code": "MUS125",
    "title": "American Music",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents the development of music in America from early colonists to the present, in light of philosophical, political, geographical, and sociological developments.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16229",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000580",
    "code": "MUS137",
    "title": "Chorus Ensemble",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Ensemble consists of performance from the standard repertoires, including study of ensemble techniques and interpretation. May be repeated for credit. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3-6 hours per week",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16230",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000581",
    "code": "MUS225",
    "title": "History of Jazz",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the underlying elements of jazz, concentrating on the socio-cultural and historical development from earliest stages to the present. Explores key figures and significant works instrumental in the development and evolution of jazz.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14562",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000582",
    "code": "NAS150",
    "title": "Human Biology",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the structure and function of the human body. Applies principally to students who are not majoring in the health or science fields.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG111"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14563",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000583",
    "code": "NSG100",
    "title": "Introduction to Nursing Concepts",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces concepts of nursing practice and conceptual learning. Focuses on basic nursing concepts with an emphasis on safe nursing practice and the development of the nursing process. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or simulated environments. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: /Clinical 3 hours. Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO141"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14566",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000584",
    "code": "NSG106",
    "title": "Competencies for Nursing Practice",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the application of concepts through clinical skill development. Emphasizes the use of clinical judgement in skill acquisition. Includes principles of safety, evidence- based practice, informatics and math computational skills. Prepares students to demonstrate competency in specific skills and drug dosage calculation including the integration of skills in the care of clients in simulated settings. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or simulated environments. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3-6 hours.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO141"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14567",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000585",
    "code": "NSG115",
    "title": "Healthcare Concepts for Transition",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Focuses on role transition from Licensed Practical Nurse to Registered professional nurse. Incorporates concepts of nursing practice and conceptual learning to promote health and wellness across the lifespan. Uses the nursing process to explore care delivery for selected diverse populations with common and predictable illness. Emphasizes the use of clinical judgement in skill acquisition. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 3 hours. Total Hours: 6 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO141",
      "BIO142",
      "ENG111",
      "PSY230",
      "SDV100"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14568",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000586",
    "code": "NSG130",
    "title": "Professional Nursing Concepts",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Introduces the role of the professional nurse and fundamental concepts in professional development. Focuses on professional identity, legal/ethical issues and contemporary trends in professional nursing.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO141"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14570",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000587",
    "code": "NSG152",
    "title": "Health Care Participant",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Focuses on the health and wellness of the health care participant defined as individuals and families in a variety of communities throughout the lifespan. Covers concepts that focus on client attributes and preferences regarding health care. Emphasizes population-focused care. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or cooperating agencies.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO142",
      "NSG100",
      "NSG106",
      "NSG130",
      "NSG200"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14572",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000588",
    "code": "NSG170",
    "title": "Health/Illness Concepts",
    "credits": 6,
    "hours": 6,
    "description": "Focuses on the nursing care of individuals and/or families throughout the lifespan with an emphasis on health and illness concepts. Includes concepts of nursing care for the antepartum client and clients with common and predictable illnesses. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or simulated environments.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO142",
      "NSG100",
      "NSG106",
      "NSG130"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14573",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000589",
    "code": "NSG200",
    "title": "Health Promotion and Assessment",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces assessment and health promotion for the individual and family. Includes assessment of infants, children, adults, geriatric clients and pregnant females. Emphasizes health history and the acquisition of physical assessment skills with underlying concepts of development, communication, and health promotion. Prepares students to demonstrate competency in the assessment of clients across the lifespan. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or simulated environments.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "BIO141"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14574",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000590",
    "code": "NSG210",
    "title": "Health Care Concepts I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Focuses on care of clients across the lifespan in multiple settings including concepts related to psychological health alterations and reproduction. Emphasizes the nursing process in the development of clinical judgement for clients with multiple needs. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or simulated environments.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NSG152",
      "NSG170"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14575",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000591",
    "code": "NSG211",
    "title": "Health Care Concepts II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Focuses on care of clients across the lifespan in multiple settings including concepts related to psychological health alterations. Emphasizes the nursing process in the development of clinical judgement for clients with multiple needs. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or simulated environments.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NSG152",
      "NSG170"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14576",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg211.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000592",
    "code": "NSG230",
    "title": "Advanced Professional Nursing Concepts",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Develops the role of the professional nurse in the healthcare environment in preparation for practice as a registered nurse. Introduces leadership and management concepts and focuses on the integration of professional behaviors in a variety of healthcare settings.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NSG210",
      "NSG211"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14579",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg230",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg230.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000593",
    "code": "NSG252",
    "title": "Complex Health Concepts",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Focuses on nursing care of diverse individuals and families integrating complex health concepts. Emphasizes clinical judgement , patient-centered care and collaboration.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NSG210",
      "NSG211"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14581",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg252",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg252.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000594",
    "code": "NSG270",
    "title": "Nursing Capstone",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides students the opportunity to comprehensively apply and integrate learned concepts from previous nursing courses into a capstone experience. Emphasizes the mastery of patient- centered care, safety, nursing judgement, professional behaviors, informatics, quality improvement, and collaboration in the achievement of optimal",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NSG210",
      "NSG211"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14583",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg270",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nsg270.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000595",
    "code": "NUR116",
    "title": "Selected Nursing Concepts-Nursing Medication Skills & Simulation",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "The Course is designed as a simulation/skills lab course for the novice or more experienced student to give an overview of pharmacology while primarily focusing on safely and competently administering medications. The simulation will provide opportunity to decipher physician orders and enhance knowledge on medication classifications and use throughout specific patient populations (pediatric, geriatric, adult, and critical care).",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14569",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur116",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000596",
    "code": "NUR142",
    "title": "Fundamentals of Surgical Care II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces principles of wound healing including types, stages, and complications; types, preparation and care of surgical supplies, packing, dressings, catheters, drains, tubes, supplies, and equipment; classifications of instruments, sutures and needles. Describes responsibilities related to the scrub and circulating roles. Provides students practical experience in the operating room.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14571",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur142",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur142.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000597",
    "code": "NUR216",
    "title": "Integrated Concepts II",
    "credits": 8,
    "hours": 8,
    "description": "Focuses on nursing care of individuals/families requiring the integration of complex concepts of nursing related to psychiatric and medical/surgical disorders throughout the lifespan. Includes math computational skills, basic computer instruction related to the delivery of nursing care; psychiatric, respiratory, regulatory, endocrine and hematological disorders. Uses all concepts of the nursing process with increasing degrees of skill. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or cooperating agencies.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NUR112",
      "NUR115"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14577",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur216",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur216.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000598",
    "code": "NUR217",
    "title": "Integrated Concepts III",
    "credits": 8,
    "hours": 8,
    "description": "Focuses on nursing care of individuals/families requiring the integration concepts related to nursing care of complex medical/surgical disorders. Includes math computational skills, basic computer instruction related to the delivery of nursing care; sensory, neurological, integumentary, renal and cardiovascular disorders; and, nursing care of clients experiencing major trauma. Uses all concepts of the nursing process with increasing degrees of skill. Provides supervised learning experiences in college nursing laboratories and/or cooperating agencies.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NUR216"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14578",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur217",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur217.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000599",
    "code": "NUR245",
    "title": "Maternal/Newborn Nursing",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Develops nursing skills in caring for families in the antepartum, intrapartum, and post-partum periods.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NSG216"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14580",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur245",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur245.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000600",
    "code": "NUR254",
    "title": "Dimensions of Professional Nursing",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Explores the role of the professional nurse. Emphasizes nursing organizations, legal and ethical implications, and addresses trends in management and organizational skills. Explores group dynamics, relationships, conflicts, and leadership styles.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NUR112"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14582",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur254",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur254.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000601",
    "code": "NUR280",
    "title": "Introduction to Perioperative Nursing",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces the surgical environment, ethical and legal patient and employee rights, preparation of the patient for surgery, surgical conscience, and the operative nurse’s role and responsibilities. Includes laboratory and clinical experience.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14584",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/nur280",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur280.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000602",
    "code": "NUR281",
    "title": "Advanced Perioperative Nursing",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Focuses on the technical and clinical aspects of perioperative nursing, including perioperative pharmacology, risk management and quality improvement, monitoring and documentation, and standard precautions. Includes Laboratory and clinical experience. See www. germanna.edu Nursing and Allied Health/Surgical Scrub Nursing.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "NUR142",
      "NUR280"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14585",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur281.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000603",
    "code": "NUR295",
    "title": "Topics In",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-5 Provides an opportunity to explore topical areas of interest to or needed by students. May be used also for special honors courses. May be repeated for credit. Total Hours: 1-5",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14905",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/nur295.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000604",
    "code": "PHI100",
    "title": "Introduction to Philosophy",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents an introduction to philosophical problems and perspectives with emphasis on the systematic questioning of basic assumptions about meaning, knowledge, reality, and values.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824",
      "germanna-000825",
      "germanna-000826",
      "germanna-000827",
      "germanna-000828",
      "germanna-000829",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14586",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/phi100",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/phi100.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000605",
    "code": "PHI101",
    "title": "Introduction to Philosophy I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces a broad spectrum of philosophical problems and perspectives with an emphasis on the systematic questioning of basic assumptions about meaning, knowledge, reality, and values.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14587",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/phi101",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/phi101.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000606",
    "code": "PHI102",
    "title": "Introduction to Philosophy II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces a broad spectrum of philosophical problems and perspectives with an emphasis on the systematic questioning of basic assumptions about meaning, knowledge, reality, and values.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14588",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/phi102",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/phi102.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000607",
    "code": "PHI111",
    "title": "Logic I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces inductive and deductive reasoning, with an emphasis on common errors and fallacies.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824",
      "germanna-000825",
      "germanna-000826",
      "germanna-000827",
      "germanna-000828",
      "germanna-000829",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14589",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/phi111",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/phi111.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000608",
    "code": "PHI200",
    "title": "The History of Western Philosophy",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Offers a brief historical survey of major philosophers from the pre-Socratics to the present.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794"
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    "id": "germanna-000609",
    "code": "PHI220",
    "title": "Ethics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides a systematic study of representative ethical systems.",
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      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
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      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824",
      "germanna-000825",
      "germanna-000826",
      "germanna-000827",
      "germanna-000828",
      "germanna-000829",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "id": "germanna-000610",
    "code": "PHI225",
    "title": "Problems in Applied Ethics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Analyzes and discusses significant contemporary ethical issues and problems existing throughout the various professions such as business, medicine, law, education, journalism, and public affairs. May be repeated for credit.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14709",
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    "id": "germanna-000611",
    "code": "PHI226",
    "title": "Social Ethics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides a critical examination of moral problems and studies the application of ethical concepts and principles to decision-making. Topics may include abortion, capital punishment, euthanasia, man and the state, sexuality, war and peace, and selected issues of personal concern.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14592",
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    "id": "germanna-000612",
    "code": "PHI227",
    "title": "Bio-Medical Ethics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the ethical implications of specific biomedical issues in the context of major ethical systems.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000807"
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    "code": "PHI265",
    "title": "Philosophy of Religion",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines problems raised by arguments for and against the existence of God and discusses such topics as the nature of God, the nature of religious experience, the problem of evil, religious truth and language, immortality, miracles, spirituality, and the relation between philosophy and theology.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14594",
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    "code": "PHT164",
    "title": "Introduction to Digital Photography",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the fundamentals of photography including camera function, composition, and image production as they apply to digital imagery.",
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    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000763"
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    "id": "germanna-000615",
    "code": "PED101",
    "title": "Fundamentals of Physical Activity I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Presents principles underlying the components of physical fitness. Utilizes conditioning activities involving cardiovascular strength and endurance, respiratory efficiency, muscular strength, and flexibility. May include fitness assessment, nutrition and weight control information, and concepts of wellness. Part I of II.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16232",
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    "id": "germanna-000616",
    "code": "PED102",
    "title": "Fundamentals of Physical Activity II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Presents principles underlying the components of physical fitness. Utilizes conditioning activities involving cardiovascular strength and endurance, respiratory efficiency, muscular strength, and flexibility. May include fitness assessment, nutrition and weight control information, and concepts of wellness. Part II of II.",
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    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16233",
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    "id": "germanna-000617",
    "code": "PED103",
    "title": "Aerobic Fitness I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Develops cardiovascular fitness though activities designed to elevate and sustain heart rates appropriate to age and physical condition.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14598",
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    "code": "PED104",
    "title": "Aerobic Fitness II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Develops cardiovascular fitness though activities designed to elevate and sustain heart rates appropriate to age and physical condition. Part II of II.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16237",
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    "code": "PED109",
    "title": "Yoga",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the forms of yoga training emphasizing flexibility.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14599",
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    "code": "PED111",
    "title": "Weight Training I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on muscular strength and endurance training through individualized workout programs. Teaches appropriate use of weight training equipment. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours Total Hours: 2 hours per week.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14600",
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    "code": "PED112",
    "title": "Weight Training II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Focuses on muscular strength and endurance training through individualized workout programs. Teaches appropriate use of weight training equipment. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 2 hours per week.",
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14601",
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    "code": "PED116",
    "title": "Lifetime Fitness and Wellness",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14602",
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    "id": "germanna-000623",
    "code": "PED120",
    "title": "Yoga II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Focuses on the forms of yoga training emphasizing flexibility.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PED109"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14603",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped120",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped120.md"
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    "id": "germanna-000624",
    "code": "PED123",
    "title": "Tennis I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Teaches tennis skills with emphasis on stroke development and strategies for individual and team play. Includes rules, scoring, terminology, and etiquette. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16234",
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    "code": "PED124",
    "title": "Tennis II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Teaches tennis skills with emphasis on stroke development and strategies for individual and team play. Includes rules, scoring, terminology, and etiquette. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16238",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped124",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped124.md"
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    "code": "PED128",
    "title": "Horseback Riding",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Presents riding seats and preparation for riding, care and grooming of a horse, selection, use and care of equipment, and safety.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14604",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped128",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped128.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000627",
    "code": "PED129",
    "title": "Self-Defense",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Examines history, techniques, and movements associated with self-defense. Introduces the skills and methods of self- defense emphasizing mental and physical discipline.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14605",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped129",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped129.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000628",
    "code": "PED133",
    "title": "Golf I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Teaches basic skills of golf, rules, etiquette, scoring, terminology, equipment selection and use, and strategy.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14606",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped133",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped133.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000629",
    "code": "PED135",
    "title": "Bowling I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Teaches basic bowling skills and techniques, scoring, rules, etiquette and terminology. Lecture 0 hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14607",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped135",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped135.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000630",
    "code": "PED136",
    "title": "Bowling II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Teaches basic bowling skills and techniques, scoring, rules, etiquette, and terminology. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 2 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PED135"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14608",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped136",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped136.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000631",
    "code": "PED137",
    "title": "Martial Arts I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Emphasizes forms, styles, and techniques of body control, physical and mental discipline, and physical fitness. Presents a brief history of development of martial arts theory and practice.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14609",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped137",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped137.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000632",
    "code": "PED138",
    "title": "Martial Arts II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Emphasizes forms, styles, and techniques of body control, physical and mental discipline, and physical fitness. Presents a brief history of development of martial arts theory and practice. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16239",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped138",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped138.md"
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    "id": "germanna-000633",
    "code": "PED150",
    "title": "Soccer",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Emphasizes soccer skills and techniques, strategies, rules, equipment, and physical conditioning. Lecture 0 hours. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 2 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14610",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped150",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped150.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000634",
    "code": "PED154",
    "title": "Volleyball",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Introduces skills, techniques, strategies, rules, and scoring. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 3 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14611",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped154",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped154.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000635",
    "code": "PED156",
    "title": "Softball",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Emphasizes skills, techniques, strategies, rules.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14612",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped156",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped156.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000636",
    "code": "PED157",
    "title": "Soccer II",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Emphasizes advanced soccer skills and techniques, strategies, rules, equipment, and physical conditioning. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2 hours. Total Hours: 2 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PED150"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14613",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped157",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped157.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000637",
    "code": "PED160",
    "title": "Modern Dance",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Teaches the basic techniques of creative dance. Skills include self-expression, contemporary routines, dance forms, and basic choreography.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14614",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped160",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped160.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000638",
    "code": "PED163",
    "title": "Jazz I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Introduces dance through contemporary jazz movements. Includes floor stretches, isolations, dance patterns and locomotor movements. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16235",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped163",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped163.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000639",
    "code": "PED166",
    "title": "Ballet",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Teaches ballet as a discipline with correct alignment and ballet form. Expresses movement through traditional dance form with choreographic emphasis.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16236",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped166",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped166.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000640",
    "code": "PED168",
    "title": "Basic Personal Trainer Preparation",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the skills and knowledge required to become a personal trainer. Includes the principles of individual weight management, personal wellness, and the skills necessary for the creation of a fitness program for potential clients.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14784",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped168",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped168.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000641",
    "code": "PED170",
    "title": "Tai Chi I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Develops an understanding of the Theories and practices of Tai Chi. Explores the energy of exercise that will tone muscles, improve circulation and increase flexibility and balance. Discusses history and philosophy of exercise and relaxation techniques for stress reduction.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14615",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped170",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped170.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000642",
    "code": "PED171",
    "title": "Ballroom Dance 1",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Presents the basic step patterns, rhythmic patterns, and positions in ballroom dance. Includes techniques based upon traditional steps with basic choreographic patterns. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14616",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped171",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped171.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000643",
    "code": "PED181",
    "title": "Downhill Skiing I",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-2 Teaches basic skills of downhill skiing; selection and use of equipment; terminology and safety rules. Includes field experience. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16240",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped181",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped181.md"
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    "id": "germanna-000644",
    "code": "PED187",
    "title": "Backpacking",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the preparation for backpacking trip, equipment and clothing selection, personal and group safety, ecology, and physical conditioning. Includes field experience.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14617",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped187",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped187.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000645",
    "code": "PED206",
    "title": "Sports Appreciation",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the history, trends, rules, methods, strategy, and terminology of selected sports activities. Provides student awareness as a spectator and/or participant.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=16241",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped206",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped206.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000646",
    "code": "PED254",
    "title": "Advanced Volleyball",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Emphasizes advanced volleyball skills, techniques, strategies, rules, and scoring. Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 2-4. Total Hours: 2-4 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PED154"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14618",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/ped254",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/ped254.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000647",
    "code": "PTH105",
    "title": "Introduction to Physical Therapist Assisting",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the physical therapist assistant student to the field of physical therapy practice and develops basic patient care skills for application in the initial physical therapy clinical experience. This course is designed to prepare the student to administer basic patient care skills, directed by an instructor, which consistently demonstrate safety and compliance with the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Standards of Practice and Code of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Additionally, the course prepares the student to identify him/herself appropriately in the role of physical therapist assistant and guides the student in effective relationships with all members of the healthcare team.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14619",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000648",
    "code": "PTH110",
    "title": "Medical Reporting",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Emphasizes the principles of medical reporting, including the ability to abstract pertinent information from actual medical records. Includes the writing of patient progress notes in standardized formats and medical terminology. This course reinforces basic knowledge from PTH 105: Introduction to Physical Therapist Assisting , including additional medical terminology and documentation skills. Competency in documentation of tests and measures, physical therapy interventions and patient response is emphasized.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14620",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000649",
    "code": "PTH115",
    "title": "Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Focuses on the relationship of specific joint structure and function, the role of individual muscles and groups of muscles and neurologic principles in both normal and pathological movement. The course includes a review of basic physics and biomechanical principles applied to human movement. Includes specific posture and gait analysis. This course is designed to develop the student’s understanding of basic physics principles which govern dynamic systems, and to provide detailed information regarding joint structure and function, individual muscles and muscle function, enabling the student to interpret human movement and appraise performance as normal or dysfunctional. Patient examination methods such as goniometry, manual muscle testing and selected special tests are included. Selected orthopedic and neuromuscular pathologies are introduced.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14621",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000650",
    "code": "PTH121",
    "title": "Therapeutic Procedures I",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Prepares the student to properly and safely administer basic physical therapy procedures utilized by physical therapist assistants. The procedures include therapeutic modalities. Procedures may include therapeutic exercise, electrotherapy and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Part I of II. This course prepares the student to apply physical agents, therapeutic modalities, and therapeutic soft tissue mobilization techniques. Selected cardiopulmonary pathologies are introduced as well as Universal Precautions/Isolation techniques. In addition, the course will provide the student with the background to determine applicability of the stated procedures and the skills to determine response to treatment. Proper documentation and communication of the treatment application and patient response is included.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14622",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000651",
    "code": "PTH122",
    "title": "Therapeutic Procedures II",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Prepares the student to properly and safely administer basic physical therapy procedures utilized by physical therapist assistants. The procedures include therapeutic modalities. Procedures may include therapeutic exercise, electrotherapy and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Part II of II. This course prepares the student to apply therapeutic exercise, electrotherapy modalities and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation techniques. In addition, the course will provide the student with the knowledge needed to determine the applicability of stated procedures: safety of providing an intervention, indication of the procedures and the ability to determine response/success of the treatment(s) administered. Therapeutic exercise program design/progression and proper documentation and communication of the treatment application and patient",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14623",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000652",
    "code": "PTH131",
    "title": "Clinical Education I",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Provides supervised instruction in the delivery of physical therapy in one of various clinical settings. Emphasizes the practice of all therapeutic skills learned in the first year, including direct patient care skills and all forms of communication. Clinical Education I is the first of three comprehensive clinical education experiences in the physical therapy setting. The purpose of the initial experience is to apply, integrate, and perform learned clinical skills on patients under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist (PT) and/or physical therapist assistant (PTA). Basic patient care skills, anatomy/biomechanics, therapeutic exercise, and selected assessment techniques are included. Selected pathological and disease conditions will be emphasized. Practice settings may include acute care hospitals, private practice, skilled nursing centers, and out-patient rehabilitation centers. Knowledge, skills and attitudes learned during the didactic courses will be applied to direct patient/client care. This course integrates the practice of all first year PTA coursework with the objective of students providing quality care for uncomplicated patients with a high degree of supervision and guidance. Total Hours: 140 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14624",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000653",
    "code": "PTH151",
    "title": "Musculoskeletal Structure and Function",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "In-depth study of the human musculoskeletal system. Covers terms of position and movement, location and identification of specific bony landmarks, joint structure and design, ligaments, muscle origin, action and innervation, and types of contraction. This course will prepare the student for the principles of kinesiology and ultimately for physical therapy treatment for musculoskeletal conditions. The ability to identify and examine the musculoskeletal anatomy is the foundation for understanding both normal and abnormal movement. This course provides the foundation for more complex analysis of functional human mobility.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14625",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000654",
    "code": "PTH210",
    "title": "Psychological Aspects of Therapy",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Focuses on the psychological reactions and sociological impact of illness and injury in clients and their families, and among health care givers who work with them. Examines individual self-identity and the nature of changing client/therapist relationships across the life span. This course is designed to the student identify and interpret personal values, multicultural factors, developmental characteristics associated with age, physical and psychosocial experiences, gender relationships and the influence of acute, chronic and terminal illness which affect the client’s clinical outcome. Emphasis is placed on discrimination of important factors, internalizing knowledge of personal values/biases and the development of effective treatment relationships. Skills are applied to the interactions between the student physical therapist assistant (SPTA) and clients, caregivers, supervisors and coworkers. This course will also address stress management, conflict resolution and reduction of negativity as a means of assisting the student in maintaining a healthy therapeutic relationship with clients, caregivers and healthcare professionals.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14626",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000655",
    "code": "PTH225",
    "title": "Rehabilitation Procedures",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Focuses on treatment techniques typical of long term rehabilitation, e.g., the rehabilitation of congenital, neurological and disfigurement associated with chronic injury and disease. This course will prepare the student for clinical application of therapeutic exercise for the patient with long term rehabilitation needs, with specific focus on neurological pathologies and the recovery process. Lifespan development and concerns related to pediatric and geriatric patient populations are covered, including cognition and motivational principles for each. Laboratory practice will provide hands-on experience with a wide variety of interventions including specialized treatment such as neuromuscular facilitation techniques and balance interventions.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14627",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000656",
    "code": "PTH226",
    "title": "Therapeutic Exercise",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Emphasizes the basic principles underlying different approaches to exercise including rationale for treatment and may include neurological treatments such as simple facilitation and inhibitory techniques and the teaching of home programs. This course will prepare the student for clinical application of therapeutic exercise to a diverse patient population. This course will focus on various pathologies including acute and chronic musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and endocrine and other systemic diseases, and the progression of exercises and related treatments for each. Modifications required for different clinical settings across the care continuum are discussed, with primary focus on inpatient, rehab, skilled nursing and home health care. Tests and measures to collect data, determine appropriate treatment progression, and document progress measurably are addressed.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14628",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000657",
    "code": "PTH251",
    "title": "Clinical Practicum I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides instruction in local health care facilities in the actual administration of physical therapy treatments under the supervision of licensed physical therapists. Provides experience in a variety of clinical settings. Part I of II. Clinical Practicum I is the second of three comprehensive clinical experiences in the physical therapy setting. The purpose of this intermediate experience is to apply, integrate and perform learned clinical skills on patients under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist (PT) and/or physical therapist assistant (PTA). The emphasis of this experience is on integrating previously learned PTA skills, therapeutic modalities, advanced therapeutic techniques, and neurophysiological techniques into an established physical therapy program. Typical practice settings may include acute care hospitals, private practice, home health, sports centers, developmental centers, skilled nursing centers, geriatrics, pediatrics, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation centers and VA hospitals. The objective of this clinical education experience is for students to provide quality care for uncomplicated to complex patients with a degree of supervision and guidance that will vary with the complexity of the patient or the environment. Total Hours: 225 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14629",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000658",
    "code": "PTH252",
    "title": "Clinical Practicum II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Provides instruction in local health care facilities in the actual administration of physical therapy treatments under the supervision of licensed physical therapists. Provides experience in a variety of clinical settings. Part II of II. Clinical Practicum II is the third of three comprehensive clinical experiences in a physical therapy setting. The purpose of this final experience is to apply, integrate, and perform learned clinical skills on patients under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist (PT) and/or physical therapist assistant (PTA). The emphasis is to integrate previously learned and practiced PTA skills, special topics, and clinical management and healthcare issues into the delivery of a comprehensive physical therapy treatment program. Practice settings may include acute care hospitals, private practice, sports centers, developmental centers, skilled nursing centers, geriatrics, pediatrics, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation centers and VA hospitals. The overall",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PTH251"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14630",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000659",
    "code": "PTH255",
    "title": "Seminar in Physical Therapy",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Includes preparation for licensing examination, specialized lectures, and preparation of a student project. This course is designed to provide a summary of all coursework and clinical education experiences to date. Student preparation for transition into the workforce as an entry-level PTA will be conducted in a seminar format. Seminar topics are structured to prepare the student to enter the practice of physical therapy, e.g., resume preparation, interview skills, performance evaluations, administrative responsibilities associated with employment, licensure examination preparation, etc. Selected clinic topics that are new in the practice environment are also included. Total Hours: 2 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000811"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14631",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000660",
    "code": "PTH299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Credits: -4 Assigns problems for independent study incoprorating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor. May be repeated for credit.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14712",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000661",
    "code": "PHY100",
    "title": "Elements of Physics",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers basic concepts of physics, including Newtonian mechanics, properties of matter, heat transfer, waves, fundamental behavior of gases, optics, ionizing radiation, and fundamentals of electricity and magnetism. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency, coherent written communication, application of arithmetic, exponents, and algebraic skills such as solving for an unknown variable in an equation, and finding the slope and intercept from the equation of a line. This is a Passport and UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000816"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14943",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000662",
    "code": "PHY201",
    "title": "General College Physics I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers classical mechanics and thermodynamics. Includes kinematics, Newton’s laws of motion, work, energy, momentum, rotational kinematics, dynamic and static equilibrium, elasticity, gravitation, fluids, simple harmonic motion, calorimetry, ideal gas law, and the laws of thermodynamics. Part I of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH161",
      "MTH167"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14632",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000663",
    "code": "PHY202",
    "title": "General College Physics II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers waves, electromagnetism, optics, and modern physics. Includes mechanical waves, sound, electrostatics, Ohm’s law and DC circuits, magnetic forces and magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, ray optics, wave optics, and selected topics of modern physics. Part II of II.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PHY201",
      "MTH162",
      "MTH167"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000823"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14633",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000664",
    "code": "PHY241",
    "title": "University Physics I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers classical mechanics and thermodynamics. Includes kinematics, Newton’s laws of motion, work, energy, momentum, rotational kinematics, dynamics and static equilibrium, elasticity, gravitation, fluids, simple harmonic motion, calorimetry, ideal gas law, and the laws of thermodynamics. Part I of II. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "MTH263"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824",
      "germanna-000829",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000831",
      "germanna-000832",
      "germanna-000833",
      "germanna-000834",
      "germanna-000835"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14634",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000665",
    "code": "PHY242",
    "title": "University Physics II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Covers waves, electromagnetism and optics. Includes mechanical waves and sound, electrostatics, Ohm’s law and DC circuits, magnetic forces and magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, AC circuits, ray optics, and wave optics. This is a UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "PHY241",
      "MTH264"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000829",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000831",
      "germanna-000832",
      "germanna-000833",
      "germanna-000834",
      "germanna-000835"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14635",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000666",
    "code": "PHY299",
    "title": "Supervised Study",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Capstone Presentation: Assigns a project for independent study incorporating previous instruction and supervised by the instructor.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000829"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14636",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000667",
    "code": "PLS135",
    "title": "U.S. Government and Politics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches the political structure, processes, institutions, and policymaking of the US national government. Focuses on the three branches of government, their interrelationships, and how they shape policy. Addresses federalism; civil liberties and civil rights; political socialization and participation; public opinion, the media; interest groups; political parties; elections; and policymaking. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency and coherent communication through written reports. This is a Passport Transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000762",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000781",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14638",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000668",
    "code": "PLS136",
    "title": "State and Local Government and Politics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches structure, powers, and functions of state and local government in the United States as related to federalism; constitutionalism; elections; powers of legislative, executive, and judicial powers of state and local government; state-local-federal relations; fiscal matters; metropolitan issues; and policy issues, like health, education, criminal justice and welfare. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency and coherent communication through written reports.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000781",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000820"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14639",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000669",
    "code": "PLS140",
    "title": "Introduction to Comparative Politics",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teach concepts and methods of comparative politics. Includes empirical analyses of domestic governmental, political, and societal institutions and norms of countries around the world. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency and coherent communication through written reports. This is a Passport and UCGS transfer course.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14640",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000670",
    "code": "PLS200",
    "title": "Introduction to Political and Democratic Theory",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Presents concepts of politics using political theory. Emphasizes the core thinkers and themes of political theory, with focus on concepts of justice, power, rights, liberty, and citizenship, within the context of differing conceptions of the state. Apply political theory as a method of analysis for analyzing current political events and problems. The assignments in the course require college-level reading fluency and coherent communication through written reports.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000794"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14641",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000671",
    "code": "PLS241",
    "title": "Introduction to International Relations",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Provides an introduction to the causes of international conflict and cooperation. Focuses on the modern state, diplomacy, war initiation, crisis bargaining, international terrorism, nuclear strategy, interstate economic relations, economic growth, international law, human rights, and environmental politics.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG111"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14644",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000672",
    "code": "PNE145",
    "title": "Trends in Practical Nursing",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
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      "PNE174"
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    "code": "PNE162",
    "title": "Nursing in Health Changes II",
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    "code": "PNE174",
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    "code": "PSY120",
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    "code": "PSY215",
    "title": "Abnormal Psychology",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "description": "Supervises on-the-job training in selected business, industrial or service firms coordinated by the College. Credit/practice ratio maximum 1:5 hours. Open only to students in Paraprofessional Counseling Career Studies Certificate program. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
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    "title": "Introduction to the Study of Religion",
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    "code": "REL200",
    "title": "Survey of the Old Testament",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys books of the Old Testament, with emphasis on prophetic historical books. Examines the historical and geographical setting and place of the Israelites in the ancient Middle East as background to the writings.",
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    "code": "REL210",
    "title": "Survey of the New Testament",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys books of the New Testament, with special attention upon placing the writings within their historical and geographical setting.",
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    "title": "New Testament and Early Christianity",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the history, literature, and theology of early Christianity in the light of the New Testament.",
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    "title": "Life and Teachings of Jesus",
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    "description": "Studies the major themes in the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Gospels, and examines the events of his life in light of modern biblical and historical scholarship.",
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    "title": "Life and Letters of Paul",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies the journeys and religious thought of the apostle Paul.",
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    "title": "Religions of the World",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the major religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism. Attention given to origins, history, basic beliefs, values and practices. May extend to exploring other religions or religious movements such as Sikhism, Religion in China, Indigenous Religions, New Religious Movements or others.",
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    "code": "REL233",
    "title": "Introduction to Islam",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies Islam in its historical, religious, and political dimensions and assists in the understanding of its contemporary vitality and attraction as a faith, a culture and a way of life.",
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    "code": "REL235",
    "title": "Major Religious Thinkers",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the works of one or more important people in religious thought.",
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    "title": "Eastern Religions",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "title": "Religions of the West",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Studies major religious traditions originating in the Near East, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Attention given to origins, values, teachings, and practices.",
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    "code": "REL240",
    "title": "Religions in America",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "title": "Christianity",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Examines the origins and historical development of Christianity, its basic metaphysical and theological assumptions, its essential doctrines, and the present state of the church in the modern world.",
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    "title": "History of Christianity",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Surveys the development of Christianity from its origins to the present.",
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    "hours": 5,
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    "title": "Intermediate Russian I",
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    "hours": 3,
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    "code": "RUS202",
    "title": "Intermediate Russian II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues the development of the skills of understanding, speaking, reading, and writing of Russian. Class conducted in Russian. Part II of II May include oral drill and practice.",
    "prerequisites": [
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    "title": "Principles of Industrial Safety",
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    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Teaches principles and practices of accident prevention, analysis of accident causes, mechanical safeguards, fire prevention, housekeeping, occupational diseases, first aid, safety organization, protection equipment and general safety principles and promotion.",
    "prerequisites": [],
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000707",
    "code": "SAF127",
    "title": "Industrial Safety",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Provides basic understanding of safety and health in an industrial situation. Includes hazardous materials, substances, conditions, activities and habits as well as the prescribed methods and equipment needed for the apprentice to protect himself/herself and others.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000755",
      "germanna-000759",
      "germanna-000838"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14773",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/saf127.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000708",
    "code": "SAF130",
    "title": "OSHA 10",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Presents an introduction to occupational health and safety and its application in the workplace. Emphasizes safety standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), its rules and regulations (OSHA 10).",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000748",
      "germanna-000749",
      "germanna-000750",
      "germanna-000751",
      "germanna-000752",
      "germanna-000753",
      "germanna-000754",
      "germanna-000755",
      "germanna-000756",
      "germanna-000757",
      "germanna-000758",
      "germanna-000759",
      "germanna-000760"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14774",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000709",
    "code": "SOC200",
    "title": "Introduction to Sociology",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces the fundamental concepts and principles of sociology with attention to sociological theory and research methods. In addition, substantive attention will be on a variety of topics including but not limited to, culture, race, social class, gender, and the role of institutions in contemporary society. Lecture: 3 hours per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000762",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000781",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000811",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14683",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/soc200.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000710",
    "code": "SOC266",
    "title": "Race and Ethnicity",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Investigates minorities such as racial and ethnic groups. Addresses social and economic conditions promoting prejudice, racism, discrimination, and segregation.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000820"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000711",
    "code": "SOC268",
    "title": "Social Problems",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Applies sociological concepts and methods to analysis of current social problems. Includes delinquency and crime, mental illness, drug addiction, alcoholism, sexual behavior, population crisis, race relations, family and community disorganization, poverty, automation, wars, and disarmament.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000782",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000830"
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    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14690",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000712",
    "code": "SPA101",
    "title": "Beginning Spanish I",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills and emphasizes basic Spanish sentence structure. May include an additional hour of oral drill and practice per week.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000762"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14691",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000713",
    "code": "SPA102",
    "title": "Beginning Spanish II",
    "credits": 4,
    "hours": 4,
    "description": "Introduces understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills and emphasizes basic Spanish sentence structure. May include an additional hour of oral drill and practice per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SPA101"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000762"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14692",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/spa102.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000714",
    "code": "SPA163",
    "title": "Spanish for Health Professionals I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces Spanish to those in the health sciences. Emphasizes oral communication and practical medical vocabulary. May include oral drill and practice.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14693",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/spa163",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000715",
    "code": "SPA201",
    "title": "Intermediate Spanish I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills. May include oral drill and practice. May include one additional hour of oral practice per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SPA102"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000762"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14694",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000716",
    "code": "SPA202",
    "title": "Intermediate Spanish II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Continues to develop understanding, speaking, reading, and writing skills. May include oral drill and practice. May include one additional hour of oral practice per week.",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SPA201"
    ],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000762"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14695",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000717",
    "code": "SUR100",
    "title": "Introduction to Surgical Technology",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces professional practice concepts within the profession of surgical technology with emphasis on the profession and career opportunities. Introduces concepts such as group dynamics, effective communication, organization, prioritization, and delegation. Emphasizes standards of practice and codes of conduct for surgical technologists. Prerequisite(s): Readiness for ENG 111",
    "prerequisites": [
      "ENG111"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14839",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000718",
    "code": "SUR135",
    "title": "Infection Control",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces the fundamentals of surgical microbiology. Includes an introduction to cell structure and theory, microbial function, human pathogen relationships, infectious process, blood borne and airborne pathogens, defense microorganisms, infection control, and microbial control and destruction.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14840",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur135.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000719",
    "code": "SUR140",
    "title": "Surgical Care I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces concepts of the surgical process including preparing the patient for surgery, transporting, positioning, and special preparation procedures of the surgical patient. Presents diagnostic and assessment procedures of the surgical patient including the importance of safety. Discusses the basic principles of aseptic technique. Co-requisite(s) SUR 145",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14841",
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000720",
    "code": "SUR145",
    "title": "Surgical Care Skills I",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces students to the surgical process, including aspects of the operating room environment. Provides students with the opportunity to practice preparation, transportation, and positioning of the patient for surgery. Practice of hand hygiene, the surgical hand scrub, opening of sterile supplies, donning and doffing operating room attire and personal protective equipment. Co-requisite(s) SUR 140 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 9 Total Hours: 9 hours per week",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14842",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur145.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000721",
    "code": "SUR150",
    "title": "Surgical Instumentation",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces surgical instrumentation, supplies, and equipment used in the operating room for surgical procedures. Includes identification of instruments based on use, type, function, and design. Emphasizes use of surgical instruments to perform safely and effectively in the operating room environment. Prerequisite(s): Admission to the Surgical Technology Program or permission of instructor",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14843",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur150.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000722",
    "code": "SUR210",
    "title": "Surgical Procedures",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Introduces surgical procedures and the role of the surgical technologist. Introduces procedures for surgical specialties such as General, Gynecological, Obstetrics, Genitourinary, EENT (Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat), Orthopedic, Neurosurgery, Cardiac, Vascular, Pediatric, Plastic, Transplant, and Trauma surgery. Prerequisite(s): SUR 240 and SUR 245 Co-requisite(s) BIO 141 , BIO 142",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SUR240",
      "SUR245"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14844",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000723",
    "code": "SUR240",
    "title": "Surgical Care II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Builds on Surgical Care I by introducing anesthetics, wound healing, incisions, and suturing techniques. Presents principles of wound healing including types, stages, and complications. Provides foundational knowledge in the preparation and care of surgical supplies and equipment. Reviews responsibilities related to the surgical technologies in the scrub and circulating roles. Prerequisite(s): SUR 140 , SUR 145 , and BIO 142 Co-requisite(s) SUR 245",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SUR140",
      "SUR145",
      "BIO142"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14845",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur240.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000724",
    "code": "SUR245",
    "title": "Surgical Care Skills II",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Cr. Builds upon essential skills to perform safely and competently in the operating room environment. Emphasizes active learning and critical thinking in the lab setting. Uses simulations to introduce skills in setting up a back table, mayo stand and passing instruments. Focuses on anticipating the needs of the surgeon and team members. Covers demonstration of counting procedures to prevent retained items and maintaining the sterile field to prevent contamination. Prerequisite(s): SUR 140 , SUR 145 , and BIO 142 Co-requisite(s) SUR 240 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 9 Total Hours: 9 hours per week",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SUR140",
      "SUR145",
      "BIO142"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14846",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sur245",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur245.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000725",
    "code": "SUR250",
    "title": "Surgical Pharmacology",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Introduces pharmacology as it relates to surgical intervention in the operating room. Includes medication calculations, measurements, administration, terminology and handling and a review of certain drug classifications as they relate to surgical patients. Prerequisite(s): SUR 140",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SUR140"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14847",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sur250",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur250.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000726",
    "code": "SUR254",
    "title": "Professional Issues in Surgical Technology",
    "credits": 2,
    "hours": 2,
    "description": "Provides job seeking skills and an overview of theoretical knowledge in preparation for national certification. Includes test taking strategies, career options, resume preparation, interviewing techniques, professional credentialing, and organizations and professionalism as it relates to surgical technology. Prerequisite(s): Admission into the Surgical Technology program or instructor permission",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14848",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sur254",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur254.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000727",
    "code": "SUR260",
    "title": "Surgical Technology Clinical Practicum",
    "credits": 8,
    "hours": 8,
    "description": "Provides continued study and extensive clinical experience in all surgical specialties. Emphasis is on clinical practice thereby further enhancing theoretical and practical knowledge of select procedures, surgical instrumentation, supplies and equipment. The scrub and circulating roles of the surgical technologist including aseptic technique and case preparation for select surgical procedures continue to be emphasized. Prerequisite(s): SUR 135 , SUR 150 , SUR 240 , and SUR 245 Co-requisite(s) SUR 210 Recitation/Laboratory Hours: 24 hours per week Total Hours: 24 hours per week",
    "prerequisites": [
      "SUR135",
      "SUR150",
      "SUR240",
      "SUR245"
    ],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14849",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000728",
    "code": "SUR296",
    "title": "On-Site Training",
    "credits": 5,
    "hours": 5,
    "description": "Specializes in career orientation and training program without pay in selected businesses and industry, supervised and coordinated by the college. Credit/work ratio not to exceed 1:5 hours. May be repeated for credit. Variable hours.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14850",
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    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur296.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000729",
    "code": "SUR298",
    "title": "Seminar and Project",
    "credits": 3,
    "hours": 3,
    "description": "Requires completion of a project or research report related to the student’s occupational",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14851",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sur298",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sur298.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000730",
    "code": "SDV100",
    "title": "College Success Skills",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Assists students in transition to college. Provides overviews of College policies, procedures, and curricular offerings. Encourages contacts with other students and staff. Assists students toward college success through information regarding effective study habits, career and academic planning, and other College resources available to students. May include English and math placement testing. Required for graduation and must be taken within first 16 credits at GCC.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000746",
      "germanna-000747",
      "germanna-000752",
      "germanna-000755",
      "germanna-000761",
      "germanna-000766",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000775",
      "germanna-000776",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000780",
      "germanna-000781",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000784",
      "germanna-000785",
      "germanna-000786",
      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000794",
      "germanna-000795",
      "germanna-000797",
      "germanna-000798",
      "germanna-000799",
      "germanna-000800",
      "germanna-000801",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000803",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000806",
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000823",
      "germanna-000824",
      "germanna-000825",
      "germanna-000826",
      "germanna-000827",
      "germanna-000828",
      "germanna-000829",
      "germanna-000830",
      "germanna-000832",
      "germanna-000837",
      "germanna-000838"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14696",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv100",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv100.md"
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  {
    "id": "germanna-000731",
    "code": "SDV101",
    "title": "Orientation to (Specific Discipline)",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "- 2 Introduces students to the skills which are necessary to achieve their academic goals, to services at the college and to the discipline in which they are enrolled. Covers topics such as services at the college including the learning resources center; counseling, and advising; listening, test taking, and study skills; and topical areas which are applicable to the student’s particular discipline At GCC, the following topics are Allied Health, Online Learning, Early Childhood Education, and for Military Veterans. Course may substitute for SDV 100 requirement.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [
      "germanna-000762",
      "germanna-000764",
      "germanna-000765",
      "germanna-000767",
      "germanna-000777",
      "germanna-000778",
      "germanna-000779",
      "germanna-000780",
      "germanna-000783",
      "germanna-000788",
      "germanna-000796",
      "germanna-000802",
      "germanna-000803",
      "germanna-000804",
      "germanna-000805",
      "germanna-000806",
      "germanna-000807",
      "germanna-000808",
      "germanna-000809",
      "germanna-000810",
      "germanna-000811",
      "germanna-000812",
      "germanna-000813",
      "germanna-000814",
      "germanna-000816",
      "germanna-000820",
      "germanna-000821",
      "germanna-000831",
      "germanna-000833",
      "germanna-000834",
      "germanna-000835"
    ],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14697",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv101",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv101.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000732",
    "code": "SDV104",
    "title": "Study Skills",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Assists students in planning strategies to overcome nonproductive study habits and in implementing positive study behaviors. Includes management, memory improvement, note taking, and test taking.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14698",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv104",
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  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000733",
    "code": "SDV106",
    "title": "Preparation for Employment",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Provides experience in resume writing, preparation of applications, letters of application, and successfully preparing for and completing the job interview. Assists students in identifying their marketable skills and aptitudes. Develops strategies for successful employment search. Assists students in understanding effective human relations techniques and communication skills in job search.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14699",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv106",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv106.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000734",
    "code": "SDV107",
    "title": "Career Education",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "Surveys career options available to students. Stresses career development and assists in the understanding of self in the world of work. Assists students in applying decision-making to career choice.",
    "prerequisites": [],
    "program_ids": [],
    "source_url": "https://catalog.germanna.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=15&coid=14700",
    "canonical_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv107",
    "markdown_url": "/germanna/courses/sdv107.md"
  },
  {
    "id": "germanna-000735",
    "code": "SDV108",
    "title": "College Survival Skills",
    "credits": 1,
    "hours": 1,
    "description": "-3 Provides an orientation to the college. Introduces study skills, career and life planning. Offers an opportunity to engage in activities aimed at self-discovery. Emphasizes development of “coping skills”such as listening, interpersonal relations, competence, and improved self-concept.",
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